Menene amfanin kwaltar kwal mai dorewa? 

Lokacin da kuka ji kwalta kwal, yawancin masu hankali suna tsalle kai tsaye zuwa ga gadonsa a cikin lallausan tsofaffin makaranta ko azaman samfuri mai matsala. Wannan shine kallon matakin saman. Tattaunawa ta gaske, wacce muke da ita akan benaye na shuka da kuma a cikin ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje na R&D, shine game da matsi kowane ɗan ƙima daga wannan hadadden hadadden hadaddun hydrocarbon ta hanyoyin da suka dace da zagayowar kayan zamani. Ba game da farfado da abubuwan da suka gabata ba, amma game da sake jujjuya kaddarorin sa - babban abun ciki na carbon, ƙarfin ɗaure, kwanciyar hankali na zafi - cikin hanyoyin masana'antu waɗanda ke da ma'ana a yau. Matsakaicin ɗorewa ba shine kore ba; aiki ne mai fa'ida, sau da yawa gritty, tsari na nemo aikace-aikacen ƙima mafi girma waɗanda ke kawar da kayan budurwa ko ba da damar aiki mai mahimmanci. Bari mu bincika inda hakan ke faruwa a zahiri, matsaloli, da haƙiƙanin zahiri waɗanda ba sa sanya shi cikin ƙasidu masu haske.

Gyara Samfuran: Daga Sharar gida zuwa Kayan Abinci

Mataki na farko shine motsin tunani. A cikin hadadden karfe da tsire-tsire na coke, kwal din kwal ba ya lalacewa; shine tushen abinci na farko ga masana'antar carbon. Labarin ɗorewa yana farawa daga nan - hana zubar da shi ko konewa mai sauƙi kuma a maimakon haka yana ɗaukar sarkar kwayoyin halitta. Na ga ayyuka inda aka mayar da hankali kan kawar da kayan kawai, amma hakan ya canza. Yanzu, abin tuƙi shine a bi da shi azaman wurin farawa don tarin kayan. Abubuwan da ake samu na carbon daga farar kwal ɗin kwal, asali na farko, yana da girma na musamman. Wannan yana nufin ga kowane tan na farar da aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai ɗaure ko mai ɗaukar ciki, kuna iya sarrafa carbon cikin samfuran masana'antu masu dorewa waɗanda ke ɗaukar shekaru, har ma da shekaru da yawa. Wani nau'i ne na kama carbon da amfani, kodayake na masana'antu ne.

Wannan ba ka'idar ba ce. Kamfanoni waɗanda suka haɗa kai tsaye, kamar Hebei Yaofa Carbon Co., Ltd., suna aiki akan wannan ƙa'idar. Tare da sama da shekaru 20 a ƙasa, suna ganin kwarara daga ɗanyen kwal ɗin kwal zuwa gama samfuran carbon ba a matsayin matakai daban ba amma azaman sarkar da aka haɗa. A dandalin su a Yaofatansu.com, za ku iya gano wannan ma'ana: sun jera farar kwal a matsayin core carbon additive. Amfani da shi wajen samarwa Baƙin Graphite don wutar lantarki Arc tander (EAF) karfe shine babban misali. Farar yana ɗaure barbashi na coke na man fetur, kuma ta hanyar yin burodi da graphitization, ya zama wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci, babban aiki na lantarki. Wannan lantarki sannan yana ba da damar samar da ƙarfe da aka sake fa'ida - babban tsarin tattalin arziki madauwari. Don haka, tushen kwal ɗin kwal yana ba da damar dorewar wata masana'anta.

Tabbas, shaidan yana cikin cikakkun bayanai. Ba duk kwalta ce daidai ba. Abun da ke tattare da shi ya bambanta da yawa bisa ga tushen kwal da zafin jiki na coking. Amfani mai dorewa dole ne ya lissafta wannan rashin daidaituwa. Muna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa akan kula da inganci da haɗawa don buga takamaiman ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun danko, maki mai laushi, da abun ciki na quinoline-insoluble. Batch ɗin da ya gaza a nan ba yana nufin samfuri ne kawai ba; yana iya nuna bambanci tsakanin na’urar lantarki da ke aiki yadda ya kamata da wadda ke tsagewa da wuri, tana bata duk wani kuzarin da aka saka. Don haka, amfani mai ɗorewa yana dogara ne akan nagartaccen aiki, abin dogaro da farko.

Dokin Aiki: Coal Tar Pitch a cikin Kera Carbon

Nutsewa cikin aikace-aikacen mafi mahimmanci: azaman ɗaure da impregnant. Idan kun taɓa ziyartar shukar carbon, ƙamshin ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba - wannan ƙamshi mai daɗi, ƙamshi mai zafi na farar zafi. Yana da manne na masana'antu. A cikin masana'antu Baƙin Graphite (Waɗanda maki UHP/HP/RP Yaofa ke samarwa), ana haɗe coke ɗin man petur da narkakken kwal ta kwal. Wannan koren cakuda ana gyare-gyare kuma ana gasa shi a kusan 800 ° C. A lokacin yin burodi, farar yana shan pyrolysis, yana jujjuyawa zuwa coke na carbonaceous wanda ke haifar da tsayayyen tsari mai daidaituwa. Wannan coke mai ɗaure shine abin da ke ba wa lantarki ƙarfin injinsa kafin graphitization.

Al'amari mai ɗorewa yana da nau'i-nau'i da yawa. Na farko, yana amfani da samfur ta hanyar. Na biyu, yana ƙirƙirar samfuri mai mahimmanci don ƙera ƙarfe na EAF, wanda ke amfani da ƙarfe kusan 100%, yana rage dogaro ga tanderun fashewa. Na uku, ƙirar lantarki na zamani na nufin tsawon rayuwa da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, wanda kai tsaye yana rage yawan amfani da tan na karfe. Muna ci gaba da tweaking farar formulations da impregnation matakai don inganta yawa da kuma rage porosity, wanda bi da bi yana ƙarfafa oxyidation juriya. Haɓaka 1% na rayuwar lantarki yana fassara zuwa dumbin tanadi na albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa da makamashi a ƙasa. Wannan shine nau'in ma'aunin ƙwanƙwasa, ma'aunin ɗorewa mara sexy da muke bibiyarsa.

Hakanan akwai rawar da yake takawa wajen samar da abubuwan kara kuzari kamar Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC) da Graphited Petrooleum Coke (GPC). Wani lokaci ana amfani da Pitch azaman sutura ko ɗaure a cikin waɗannan matakan don haɓaka wasu kaddarorin. Don narkewar aluminium, waɗannan anodes na carbon (wanda kuma suke amfani da farar a matsayin mai ɗaure) wata babbar kasuwa ce. Turawa a nan yana rage yawan amfani da carbon — nawa kilogiram na anode ake cinyewa a kowace tan na aluminum da aka samar. Ingantacciyar ingancin fira da fasahar anode, masu samar da ƙwarewa mai zurfi ke tafiyar da ita, kai tsaye rage wannan ƙimar da hayaƙin da ke da alaƙa.

Bayan Electrodes: Alkuki amma Mahimman Aikace-aikace

Duk da yake na'urorin lantarki sune jagoran girma, wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun amfani mai dorewa suna cikin wurare na musamman. Abubuwan da aka gyara na kwal ɗin kwal, kamar naphthalene, anthracene, da maki daban-daban, suna shiga cikin kayan haɓakawa. Ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da na shiga ciki shine fiber na carbon. Takamaiman, filayen kwal ɗin kwal da aka ƙera sosai sune maƙasudin ƙima don samar da isotropic ko mesophase na tushen filayen carbon. Ana amfani da waɗannan zaruruwa a cikin sarrafa yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi, sararin samaniya, da haɓaka cikin abubuwan haɗaɗɗun nauyi don kera motoci (don haɓaka ingantaccen mai) da ruwan injin turbin iska. Sawun carbon na samar da fiber daga farar samfur na iya zama mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da babbar hanyar polyacrylonitrile (PAN), dangane da iyakokin tsarin. Yana da ƙima mai girma, ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aiki wanda ke yin amfani da tsarin ƙamshi na kwalta.

Wani kuma yana cikin kayan da aka gyara. Pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon refractories layi na karfe yin ladles da masu juyawa. Suna samar da kyakkyawan juriya na girgiza zafin zafi da juriya na lalata. Hanya mai dorewa? Rayuwa mai tsawo tana nufin ƙarancin relining akai-akai, wanda ke adana albarkatun ƙasa, kuzari don shigarwa, da raguwar lokaci. Filin a nan yana aiki azaman mai ba da gudummawar carbon, yana ƙirƙirar kariyar kariya daga iskar oxygen. Mun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da maki daban-daban don haɓaka wannan haɓakar carbon a cikin wurin, kuma sakamakon yana tasiri kai tsaye ga ingantaccen albarkatun shukar karfe.

Sannan akwai ƙarancin kyawawa amma amfani mai mahimmanci a cikin suturar kariya. Kwal kwal epoxy, duk da binciken muhalli akan PAHs, ya kasance ba a yi daidai da wasu ƙa'idodin kariya na lalata ba, kamar bututun ruwa na cikin ruwa ko nutsar da ruwa mai datti. Hujjar dorewa anan ita ce tsawaita zagayen rayuwa. Kare kadari na karfe na shekaru 50 maimakon 20 ba tare da gyarawa ba yana guje wa maimaita abu da farashin makamashi na maye gurbin. Masana'antar, ba shakka, tana aiki akan wasu hanyoyi, amma ga wasu ƙayyadaddun bayanai, aikin gyaran gyare-gyaren kwal ɗin kwal ɗin har yanzu shine ma'auni. Lamarin ne inda amfani mai dorewa ya ƙunshi ƙaƙƙarfan ƙullawa da sarrafa aikace-aikace don rage haɗarin muhalli yayin samun fa'ida mai fa'ida cikin dorewar ababen more rayuwa.

Kalubale da Matsalolin Duniya na Gaskiya

Babu tattaunawa mai gaskiya ba tare da cikas ba. Babban takurawa shine ka'idojin muhalli, musamman a kusa da Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Wasu PAHs suna da ciwon daji. Wannan yana ba da damar yin amfani da duk wani nau'i na nau'i-nau'i. Amfani mai dorewa, don haka, yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da rufaffiyar tsarin madauki, fasahar kama ci gaba, da amincin ma'aikaci. A cikin tsire-tsire na distillation na zamani, ba za ku ga abubuwan da ake iya gani ba na shekarun da suka gabata. Ana kama masu canzawa, kuma galibi ana amfani da su azaman mai a cikin tsari, rufe madauki na makamashi. Ragowar farar nauyi ya zama samfur. Yana da sarrafawa, tsari na masana'antu.

Wani kalubalen shi ne dorewar tattalin arziki. Abubuwan more rayuwa don tattarawa, jigilar kaya, da tace kwal ɗin kwal suna da babban jari. Idan kasuwannin ƙarshe (kamar karfe) sun ragu, duk tsarin yana matsa lamba. Na ga ayyukan da za a yi amfani da farar a cikin baƙar fata na carbon ko a matsayin mai ragewa a cikin sauran hanyoyin ƙarfe na ƙarfe saboda yanayin kasuwancin ya ƙafe lokacin da farashin mai ya faɗi. Dorewa na gaskiya dole ne ya kasance mai juriya ta fuskar tattalin arziki, ba kawai ta hanyar fasaha ba.

Hakanan akwai ƙayyadaddun fasaha: ba za mu iya tacewa ko tsarkake ta mara iyaka ba. Neman amfani mafi girma-daraja yawanci yakan ci karo da haɗaɗɗiyar ma'ana da bambancin kayan. Ga kowane labarin nasara a cikin fiber carbon, akwai gwaje-gwaje guda goma sha biyu da suka gaza ƙoƙarin yin daidaitaccen farar farar fage daga madaidaicin kayan abinci. Wannan shi ne inda kwarewa ke da mahimmanci. Mai ƙera kamar Yaofa, tare da dogon tarihinsa, da alama ya haɓaka ƙwararrun masaniyar yadda takamaiman kayan abinci nasu ke aiki, yana ba su damar daidaita ingancin samfuran su - buƙatun da ba za a iya sasantawa ba don kowane amfanin masana'antu mai dorewa.

Neman Gaba: Haɗuwa da Ƙirƙiri

Makomar ci gaba da amfani da kwal ta ta'allaka ne a cikin haɗakarwa mai zurfi da mafi wayo. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa shi ne mafi ƙaran haɗakar tanda na coke, kayan aikin kwalta, da tsire-tsire na carbon-ko da a yanayin ƙasa. Rage sufuri yana rage sawun gaba ɗaya. Wani kuma shine haɓakar filaye da aka gyara. Ta hanyar haɗawa ko a sauƙaƙe kula da farar kwal ɗin kwal tare da tushen halittu ko resins na roba, za mu iya keɓance kaddarorin don takamaiman aikace-aikace yayin yuwuwar rage bayanan martabar PAH gabaɗaya. Waɗannan masu ɗaure masu ƙira za su iya buɗe kofofin cikin sabbin kayan haɗaɗɗiyar.

Ina kuma kallon sararin samaniya a kusa da yin amfani da carbon da aka samu daga farar a cikin ajiyar makamashi. Carbon da aka kunna daga farar don masu ƙarfin ƙarfi ko azaman kayan anode a cikin batura sune wuraren R&D masu aiki. Babban tsabtar carbon da kuma porosity mai ɗorewa suna da kyau. Wannan zai zama madaidaicin turawa: samfur ta hanyar masana'antu masu nauyi ya zama ɓangaren fasahar makamashi mai tsafta. Hanya ce mai tsayi daga lab zuwa gigafactory, amma ka'idar tana da ƙarfi.

Bugu da kari, da amfani mai amfani kwal ba game da nemo sabon sihiri guda ɗaya ba. Suna game da ci gaba da inganta ayyukan da aka kafa a cikin carbon da masana'antu masu rarrafe, sanya waɗannan hanyoyin su zama masu inganci da dawwama, da kuma kula da yanayin muhalli sosai. Abu ne da ke buƙatar girmamawa da ƙwarewa. An tabbatar da ƙimarsa a cikin dorewar samfuran da yake taimakawa ƙirƙira-electrode ɗin da ke narkar da tarkacen karfe don sabon ginin sama, mai jujjuyawar da ke ɗauke da narkakkar ƙarfe, murfin da ke kare bututun mai. A cikin wannan mahallin, ci gaba da amfani da alhaki wani nau'i ne mai dacewa na symbiosis na masana'antu, yana mai da abin da aka gada ya zama mahimmin mai ba da damar zagayowar masana'antu na zamani.