Kodi phula la phula limagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji mosalekeza? 

Mukamva phula lamalasha, malingaliro ambiri amalumphira molunjika ku cholowa chake m'mipando yapasukulu zakale kapena ngati chinthu chovuta. Ndiwo mawonekedwe apamwamba. Zokambirana zenizeni, zomwe timakhala nazo pansi pa zomera ndi m'ma laboratories a R&D, zili pafupi kufinya phindu lililonse kuchokera ku kusakaniza kwa hydrocarbon iyi molumikizana ndi zinthu zamakono. Sizokhudza kutsitsimutsa zakale, koma zolozeranso zinthu zake zachilengedwe - kuchuluka kwa kaboni, kuthekera komanga, kukhazikika kwamafuta - m'njira zamafakitale zomwe zili zomveka lero. Ngongole yokhazikika si greenwash; ndi pragmatic, nthawi zambiri gritty, njira yopezera ntchito zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimachotsa zida za virgin kapena kuthandizira ntchito yovuta. Tiyeni tifufuze kumene izo zikuchitika kwenikweni, zopinga, ndi zenizeni zenizeni zomwe sizimapanga mabulosha onyezimira.

Kukonzanso Zogulitsa: Kuchokera ku Zinyalala kupita ku Feedstock

Chinthu choyamba ndi kusintha maganizo. Muzomera zophatikizika zachitsulo ndi coke, phula lamalasha siliwonongeka; ndiye chakudya choyambirira chamakampani a kaboni. Nkhani yokhazikika imayambira pomwepo-kuletsa kutayika kwake kapena kuyaka kosavuta m'malo mwake ndikujambula zovuta zake. Ndawonapo ntchito zomwe cholinga chake chinali kungochotsa zinthuzo, koma zasintha. Tsopano, kuyendetsa ndikuchitenga ngati poyambira kutulutsa kwazinthu. Kutulutsa kwa kaboni kuchokera ku phula la malasha, chochokera ku chiyambi, ndikokwera kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa toni iliyonse ya phula yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomangira kapena choyimiritsa, mukusamutsa kaboni kukhala zinthu zolimba zamafakitale zomwe zimatha kwa zaka, ngakhale zaka zambiri. Ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito kaboni ndikugwiritsa ntchito, ngakhale mafakitale.

Izi sizongoyerekeza. Makampani omwe adaphatikizira molunjika, monga Hebei Yaofa Carbon Co., Ltd., amagwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi. Ndi zaka zoposa 20 pansi, amawona kutuluka kwa phula la malasha laiwisi kupita ku zinthu za carbon zomwe sizili ngati njira zosiyana koma monga tcheni cholumikizidwa. Pa nsanja yawo pa yafatansu.com, mutha kutsata mfundo iyi: amalemba phula la malasha ngati chowonjezera cha kaboni. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake popanga ma electrode a graphite kwa electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Phokoso limamangiriza tinthu tating'ono ta petroleum coke, ndipo kudzera mu kuphika ndi graphitization, imakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri la electrode. Elekitirodiyo ndiye imathandizira kupanga zitsulo zobwezerezedwanso - njira yayikulu yozungulira zachuma. Chifukwa chake, chochokera ku phula la malasha chimathandizira kukhazikika kwamakampani ena.

Zoonadi, mdierekezi ali mwatsatanetsatane. Sikuti phula lonse ndi lofanana. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe malasha amayambira komanso kutentha kwa kuphika. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosatha kuyenera kuwerengera kusagwirizana uku. Timathera nthawi yochuluka pa kuwongolera khalidwe ndi kusakaniza kuti tigwirizane bwino ndi makulidwe a viscosity, kufewetsa, ndi quinoline-insoluble content. Gulu lolephera pano silimangotanthauza chinthu chochepa; zingatanthauze kusiyana pakati pa electrode yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino ndi yomwe imasweka msanga, kuwononga mphamvu zonse zophatikizidwa. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito kokhazikika kumatengera kukonzanso kwaukadaulo, kodalirika poyamba.

The Workhorse: Coal Tar Pitch in Carbon Manufacturing

Kulowa mu ntchito yofunika kwambiri: ngati chomangira ndi osabereka. Ngati munayang'anapo chomera cha kaboni, fungo losaiwalika - fungo lamphamvu, phenolic la phula lotentha. Ndilo gulu la bizinesi. Popanga ma electrode a graphite (magiredi awo a UHP/HP/RP omwe Yaofa amapangira), coke yamafuta oyaka moto imasakanizidwa ndi phula losungunuka la malasha. Kusakaniza kobiriwira kumeneku kumawumbidwa ndikuwotchedwa pafupifupi 800 ° C. Panthawi yophika, phula limakhala ndi pyrolysis, kusandulika kukhala coke ya carbonaceous yomwe imapanga cholimba, chogwirizana. Binder coke iyi ndi yomwe imapatsa electrode mphamvu yake yamakina isanachitike graphitization.

Mbali yokhazikika ndi yamitundu yambiri. Choyamba, zimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira. Chachiwiri, imapanga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zitsulo za EAF, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 100% zitsulo, kuchepetsa kudalira ng'anjo zophulika. Chachitatu, mapangidwe amakono a electrode amafuna kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, zomwe zimachepetsa mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito tani imodzi yachitsulo. Tikusinthira nthawi zonse mafotokozedwe ndi njira zoyamwitsa kuti tichepetse kachulukidwe ndikuchepetsa porosity, zomwe zimakulitsa kukana kwa okosijeni kwa electrode. Kuwonjezeka kwa 1% kwa moyo wa electrode kumatanthawuza kupulumutsa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zopangira ndi mphamvu kutsika. Ndilo mtundu wa miyeso yokhazikika, yosasunthika yomwe timatsata.

Palinso ntchito yake popanga zowonjezera kaboni ngati Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC) ndi Graphitized Petroleum Coke (GPC). Pitch nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokutira kapena zomangira munjira izi kuti ziwongolere zinthu zina. Pakusungunuka kwa aluminiyamu, ma carbon anode (omwe amagwiritsanso ntchito phula ngati zomangira) ndi msika wina waukulu. Kukankhira apa ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kaboni - ndi makilogalamu angati a anode omwe amadyedwa pa toni imodzi ya aluminiyumu yopangidwa. Ukadaulo wabwinoko komanso ukadaulo wa anode, motsogozedwa ndi ogulitsa omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chakuya, amatsitsa mwachindunji chiwongola dzanjacho ndi mpweya womwe umagwirizana nawo.

Beyond Electrodes: Niche Koma Ntchito Zovuta

Ngakhale ma electrode ndi mtsogoleri wa voliyumu, zina mwazosangalatsa zogwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza zili m'malo apadera. Zochokera ku malasha oyengedwa, monga naphthalene, anthracene, ndi magiredi osiyanasiyana, amapita kuzinthu zapamwamba. Mbali imodzi yomwe ndakhala ndikukhudzidwa nayo ndi ma carbon fibers. Zachindunji, zoyengedwa bwino kwambiri za phula la malasha ndizomwe zimayambira popanga ulusi wa kaboni wa isotropic kapena mesophase. Ulusiwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwongolera kutentha kwapamwamba, zakuthambo, komanso mochulukira mumagulu opepuka agalimoto (kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu yamafuta) ndi masamba a turbine yamphepo. Mpweya wa kaboni wopangira ulusi kuchokera pamtengowo ukhoza kukhala wabwino poyerekeza ndi njira yayikulu ya polyacrylonitrile (PAN), kutengera malire a dongosolo. Ndiwotsika mtengo kwambiri, woyendetsedwa ndi magwiridwe antchito omwe amathandizira kapangidwe kachilengedwe kafungo ka phula.

Wina uli mu zomangira. phula-bonded magnesia-carbon refractories mzere zitsulo kupanga zitsulo ndi converters. Amapereka kukana kwamphamvu kwamafuta komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri la slag. Ulalo wokhazikika? Moyo wautali wa mzere umatanthauza kusakhazikika pafupipafupi, komwe kumapulumutsa zida, mphamvu pakuyika, ndi kutsika. Phokoso apa limagwira ntchito ngati wopereka kaboni, ndikupanga wosanjikiza woteteza ku okosijeni. Tayesa ndi magiredi osiyanasiyana kuti tikwanitse kupanga kaboni wa in-situ, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhudza kwambiri momwe zitsulo zimagwirira ntchito.

Ndiye pali kugwiritsa ntchito kokongola kocheperako koma kofunikira mu zokutira zoteteza. Coal tar epoxy, ngakhale kuunika kwa chilengedwe pa PAHs, sikufanana ndi ntchito zina zoteteza dzimbiri, monga mapaipi apansi pamadzi kapena kumizidwa ndi madzi oipa. Mkangano wokhazikika pano ndikuwonjezedwa kwa moyo. Kuteteza chuma chachitsulo kwa zaka 50 m'malo mwa 20 popanda kukonzanso kumapewa kubwereketsa ndalama zobwerezedwa ndi mphamvu zowonjezera. Makampaniwa, akugwira ntchito zina, koma pazinthu zina, machitidwe a zokutira zosinthidwa za malasha akadali chizindikiro. Ndi nthawi yomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosatha kumaphatikizapo kusungitsa mwamphamvu ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito kuti muchepetse kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndikupindula bwino pakukhazikika kwa zomangamanga.

Mavuto ndi Zolepheretsa Zenizeni Zapadziko Lonse

Palibe kukambirana moona mtima popanda zopinga. Cholepheretsa chachikulu ndikuwongolera zachilengedwe, makamaka mozungulira Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ma PAH ena amakhala ndi khansa. Izi zimachepetsa zokambirana zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito phula la malasha. Kugwiritsa ntchito kosatha, chifukwa chake, kumalumikizidwa mosalekeza ndi machitidwe otsekeka, ukadaulo wojambula wapamwamba, komanso chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito. Mu chomera chamakono cha distillation, simudzawona mpweya wowoneka wazaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Zowonongeka zimagwidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta mkati mwa ndondomekoyi, kutseka mphamvu yamagetsi. Zotsalira zolemetsa zimakhala zotsalira. Ndi njira yoyendetsedwa, yokhala ndi mafakitale.

Vuto lina ndi zotheka zachuma. Zomangamanga zotengera, zonyamulira, ndi kuyenga phula la malasha ndizofunika kwambiri. Ngati misika yotsiriza (monga zitsulo) ikutsika, dongosolo lonse limakakamizidwa. Ndawonapo mapulojekiti oti agwiritse ntchito phula m'malo mwa kaboni wakuda kapena ngati njira yochepetsera zitsulo zina zikuyimitsidwa chifukwa bizinesiyo idasuluka mitengo yamafuta itatsika. Kukhazikika kwenikweni kuyenera kukhala kokhazikika pazachuma, osati zotheka mwaukadaulo.

Palinso malire aukadaulo: sitingathe kuwongolera kapena kuyeretsa. Kufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zamtengo wapatali nthawi zambiri kumakumana ndi zovuta komanso kusiyanasiyana kwazinthuzo. Pankhani iliyonse yachipambano mu carbon fiber, pali zoyesera khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe zalephera kuyesa kupanga kalambulabwalo kosinthika kuchokera ku feedstock yosinthika. Apa ndipamene zokumana nazo zimafunika. Wopanga ngati Yaofa, yemwe ali ndi mbiri yayitali, mwina apanga chidziwitso chozama cha momwe chakudya chawo chimakhalira, kuwalola kuti azikhazikika pazogulitsa zawo, zomwe sizingangolephereka kugwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale.

Kuyang'ana M'tsogolo: Kuphatikiza ndi Kukonzekera

Tsogolo la kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosatha kwa phula la malasha lagona pakuphatikizana kozama komanso chemistry yanzeru. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimachitika ndi kuphatikizika kwamauvuni a coke, ma distilleries a tar, ndi zomera za carbon - ngakhale malo. Kuchepetsa mayendedwe kumachepetsa mayendedwe onse. Chinthu chinanso ndikusintha kwa magawo osinthidwa. Pophatikiza kapena kuchepetsa pang'ono phula la phula la malasha ndi utomoni wopangidwa ndi bio kapena kupanga, titha kusintha mawonekedwe azinthu zinazake pomwe titha kuchepetsa mbiri yonse ya PAH. Zomangamanga izi zimatha kutsegulira zitseko zamitundu yatsopano.

Ndikuyang'ananso malo ozungulira kugwiritsa ntchito ma carbon opangidwa ndi phula posungira mphamvu. Ma carbon opangidwa kuchokera ku phula kwa ma supercapacitor kapena ngati zinthu za anode m'mabatire ndi madera a R&D yogwira. Mpweya wokwera wa carbon kuyera ndi porosity yabwino ndi yokongola. Uku ndiye kuwongolera kwina kotheratu: zopangidwa kuchokera kumakampani olemera kukhala gawo laukadaulo wamagetsi oyera. Ndi msewu wautali kuchokera ku labu kupita ku gigafactory, koma mfundo yake ndi yolimba.

Pomaliza, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosatha kwa malasha phula sizokhudza kupeza pulogalamu yatsopano yamatsenga. Iwo ali pafupi kukhathamiritsa pang'onopang'ono ntchito zake zomwe zakhazikitsidwa m'mafakitale a carbon ndi refractory, kupangitsa kuti njirazo zikhale zogwira mtima komanso zokhalitsa, ndikuwongolera mosamala mbali zachilengedwe. Ndizinthu zomwe zimafuna ulemu ndi ukatswiri. Mtengo wake umatsimikiziridwa ndi kulimba kwa zinthu zomwe zimathandiza kupanga-elekitirodi yomwe imasungunula zitsulo zosanjikiza padenga latsopano, chokanizira chomwe chili ndi zitsulo zosungunuka, zokutira zomwe zimateteza payipi. Munthawi imeneyi, kupitilira kwake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ndi njira yodziwika bwino yamafakitale, kutembenuza cholowa chochokera kuzinthu kukhala chothandizira pakupanga kwamakono.