Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu kuramba kw'amakara? 

Iyo wunvise itara ryamakara, ibitekerezo byinshi bisimbukira mumurage wabyo mumihanda ya kera cyangwa nkibicuruzwa bitera ibibazo. Nibyo hejuru-urwego rwo kureba. Ikiganiro nyacyo, icyo dufite kumagorofa no muri laboratoire ya R&D, ni ukunyunyuza buri kintu cyagaciro kivuye muri hydrocarubone ivanze muburyo bujyanye nibintu bigezweho. Ntabwo ari kubyutsa ibyahise, ahubwo ni ukuyobora imitungo yarwo-irimo ibintu byinshi bya karubone, ubushobozi bwo guhuza, ituze ryumuriro-munzira zinganda zumvikana muri iki gihe. Inguni irambye ntabwo ari icyatsi kibisi; ni pragmatique, akenshi iteye ubwoba, inzira yo gushakisha agaciro-gakomeye gasimbuza ibikoresho byisugi cyangwa bigakora imikorere ikomeye. Reka ducukumbure aho ibyo bibera mubyukuri, imbogamizi, nukuri gufatika kutabigira mubitabo byuzuye.

Kuvugurura Ibicuruzwa: Kuva kumyanda kugeza kugaburira

Intambwe yambere ni uguhindura imitekerereze. Mu byuma bihujwe hamwe n’ibihingwa bya kokiya, igitereko cyamakara ntabwo ari imyanda; ni ibiryo byibanze byinganda za karubone. Inkuru irambye itangirira aho - irinda kujugunywa cyangwa gutwikwa byoroheje hanyuma igafata ingirabuzimafatizo zayo. Nabonye ibikorwa aho byibanze ku gukuraho ibintu gusa, ariko ibyo byarahindutse. Noneho, disiki nugufata nkintangiriro ya caskade yibikoresho. Umusaruro wa karubone uva mu kibanza cy'amakara, inkomoko y'ibanze, ni mwinshi bidasanzwe. Ibi bivuze kuri buri toni yikibanza gikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo guhuza cyangwa gutera akabariro, urimo gufata neza karubone mubicuruzwa byinganda bimara imyaka, ndetse nimyaka mirongo. Nuburyo bwo gufata karubone no kuyikoresha, nubwo ari inganda.

Ibi ntabwo ari amahame. Ibigo byahujwe bihagaritse, nka Hebei Yaofa Carbon Co., Ltd., bikora kuri iri hame. Hamwe nimyaka irenga 20 kubutaka, babona urujya n'uruza rw'amakara mbisi kugeza ibicuruzwa bya karubone byarangiye atari inzira zitandukanye ahubwo ni urunigi ruhujwe. Kuri platifomu yabo Yaofatansu.com, urashobora gukurikirana iyi logique: batondekanya ikibanza cyamakara nkibyingenzi byongera karubone. Ikoreshwa ryayo mu gutanga umusaruro Ibishushanyo ku itanura ryamashanyarazi arc (EAF) gukora ibyuma nurugero rwibanze. Ikibanza gihuza peteroli ya kokiya ya peteroli, kandi binyuze muguteka no gushushanya, bihinduka igice cyingenzi, cyimikorere myinshi ya electrode. Iyo electrode noneho ituma umusaruro wibyuma byongera gukoreshwa - inzira nyamukuru yubukungu. Ibikomoka ku makara rero, bifasha mu buryo burambye urundi ruganda.

Birumvikana, satani muburyo burambuye. Ntabwo igipimo cyose kingana. Ibigize biratandukanye cyane bitewe ninkomoko yamakara nubushyuhe bwa kokiya. Imikoreshereze irambye igomba kubara ibyo bidahuye. Tumara umwanya munini mugucunga ubuziranenge no kuvanga kugirango dukubite ibisobanuro nyabyo kubijyanye no kwiyegeranya, koroshya ingingo, hamwe na quinoline-idashobora gushonga. Icyiciro cyatsinzwe hano ntabwo bivuze gusa ibicuruzwa bya subpar; irashobora gusobanura itandukaniro riri hagati ya electrode ikora neza nimwe igacika imburagihe, igatakaza ingufu zose zashyizwemo. Rero, imikoreshereze irambye ishingiye kubikorwa bihanitse, byizewe mbere.

Ifarashi ikoreramo: Ikara ry'amakara mu gukora Carbone

Kwibira mubikorwa byingenzi: nkibihuza kandi bitwite. Niba warigeze kuzenguruka igihingwa cya karubone, impumuro ntizibagirana-iyo mpumuro nziza, ya fenolike yikibanza gishyushye. Ni kole yinganda. Mu nganda Ibishushanyo . Uru ruvange rwicyatsi rubumbabumbwe kandi rutetse hafi 800 ° C. Mugihe cyo guteka, ikibuga gikorerwa pyrolysis, gihinduka kokasi ya karubone ikora imiterere ihamye kandi ihamye. Iyi boke coke niyo itanga electrode imbaraga zayo za mashini mbere yo gushushanya.

Ibice biramba ni byinshi. Ubwa mbere, ikoresha ibicuruzwa. Icya kabiri, ikora ibicuruzwa bikomeye mugukora ibyuma bya EAF, ikoresha ibyuma bisakara hafi 100%, bikagabanya kwishingikiriza ku ziko. Icya gatatu, ibishushanyo bya electrode bigezweho bigamije kuramba no gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, bigabanya neza gukoresha toni yicyuma. Tugahora duhinduranya uburyo bwo gutezimbere hamwe no gutera akabariro kugirango tunoze ubucucike kandi tugabanye ubukana, ari nako byongera imbaraga za okiside ya electrode. Ubwiyongere bwa 1% mubuzima bwa electrode bisobanura kuri tonnage kuzigama ibikoresho fatizo ningufu zimanuka. Nubwoko bwa granular, unsexy sustainability metric dukurikirana.

Hariho kandi uruhare rwayo mukubyara karubone nka Kubara peteroli ya kokiya (CPC) na Igishushanyo cya peteroli coke (GPC). Ikibaho rimwe na rimwe gikoreshwa nk'igifuniko cyangwa gihuza muri ubu buryo kugirango uzamure ibintu bimwe na bimwe. Kumashanyarazi ya aluminium, anode ya karubone (nayo ikoresha ikibanza nka binder) ni irindi soko rinini. Gusunika hano bigabanya igipimo cyo gukoresha karubone - ni kangahe za anode zikoreshwa kuri toni ya aluminium yakozwe. Ubwiza bwiza bwikibuga hamwe na tekinoroji ya anode, itwarwa nababitanga bafite uburambe bwimbitse, gabanya neza icyo gipimo hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya.

Kurenga Electrode: Niche ariko Porogaramu Zikomeye

Mugihe electrode ari umuyobozi wijwi, bimwe mubishimishije birambye bikoreshwa biri mubice byihariye. Ibikomoka ku makara yatunganijwe neza, nka naphthalene, anthracene, hamwe n’amanota atandukanye, bijya mu bikoresho bigezweho. Agace kamwe nagize uruhare ni fibre karubone. Umwanya wihariye, utunganijwe neza wamakara ni progaramu ibanziriza kubyara isotropic cyangwa mesophase ikibanza gishingiye kuri karubone. Izi fibre zikoreshwa mugucunga ubushyuhe bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru, mu kirere, no kwiyongera mubintu bito byoroheje byimodoka (kugirango bongere ingufu za peteroli) hamwe nicyuma cyumuyaga. Ikirenge cya karubone cyo gukora fibre ikomoka ku bicuruzwa bishobora kuba byiza ugereranije n'inzira nyamukuru ya polyacrylonitrile (PAN), bitewe n'imbibi za sisitemu. Nibintu bifite agaciro kanini, imikorere-itwara imikorere ikoresha imiterere yimiterere ya tarom.

Ikindi kiri mubikoresho byo kwanga. Umuyoboro uhujwe na magnesia-karubone yinganda kumurongo wo gukora ibyuma no guhindura. Zitanga imbaraga nziza zo guhangana nubushyuhe hamwe no kurwanya ruswa. Ihuza rirambye? Kuramba kuramba bisobanura kutagabanuka kenshi, bizigama ibikoresho bibisi, imbaraga zo kwishyiriraho, nigihe cyo gutaha. Ikibanza hano gikora nkumuterankunga wa karubone, ugakora urwego rukingira okiside. Twakoresheje ibigeragezo hamwe n amanota atandukanye kugirango tunonosore imiterere ya karubone, kandi ibisubizo bigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yumutungo wuruganda rukora ibyuma.

Noneho hariho uburyo buke butangaje ariko bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gukingira. Amakara yamakara, nubwo ibidukikije byakurikiranwe kuri PAHs, ntagereranywa kubikorwa bimwe na bimwe byo gukingira bikabije, nk'imiyoboro yo mu mazi cyangwa kwibiza amazi. Impaka zirambye hano ni kwagura ubuzima. Kurinda umutungo wibyuma kumyaka 50 aho kuba 20 utabanje gusana birinda ibintu byongeye imbaraga ningufu zo gusimburwa. Inganda nukuri, zirimo gukora mubindi bisobanuro, ariko kubintu bimwe na bimwe, imikorere yamakara yahinduwe yamakara iracyari igipimo. Ni aho imikoreshereze irambye ikubiyemo gukumira no kugenzura porogaramu kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka z’ibidukikije mu gihe bigera ku nyungu nini mu bikorwa remezo biramba.

Inzitizi nimbogamizi zukuri kwisi

Nta biganiro ari inyangamugayo nta mbogamizi. Inzitizi yibanze ni amabwiriza y’ibidukikije, cyane cyane hafi ya Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbone (PAHs). PAH zimwe ni kanseri. Ibi bitwikiriye ikiganiro cyose kijyanye nikoreshwa ryamakara. Gukoresha birambye rero, bifitanye isano rya bugufi na sisitemu ifunze-loop, tekinoroji yo gufata neza, n'umutekano w'abakozi. Mu gihingwa kigezweho cya disillation, ntuzabona imyuka igaragara mumyaka mirongo ishize. Ihindagurika rirafatwa, kandi akenshi rikoreshwa nka lisansi murwego, gufunga ingufu zingufu. Ibisigisigi biremereye bisigaye biba ibicuruzwa. Nibigenzurwa, bikubiyemo inzira yinganda.

Indi mbogamizi ni imbaraga zubukungu. Ibikorwa remezo byo gukusanya, gutwara, no gutunganya itara ryamakara ni byinshi cyane. Niba amasoko yanyuma (nkibyuma) agabanutse, sisitemu yose irahatirwa. Nabonye imishinga yo gukoresha ikibanza mubisimbuza umukara wa karubone cyangwa nkigabanuka mubindi bikorwa bya metallurgjiya birahagarara kuko urubanza rwubucuruzi rwashize mugihe ibiciro bya peteroli byagabanutse. Kuramba kwukuri bigomba kwihanganira ubukungu, ntabwo bishoboka gusa mubuhanga.

Hariho kandi imipaka ya tekiniki: ntidushobora kuyinonosora cyangwa kuyisukura bitagira akagero. Gushakisha agaciro-gakoreshwa kenshi bikubitana muburyo bugoye kandi buhindagurika bwibintu. Kuri buri nkuru yo gutsinda muri fibre ya karubone, hariho ibigeragezo icumi byananiranye bigerageza gukora ikibanza kibanziriza icyatsi kiva mubiryo bihinduka. Aha niho uburambe bufite akamaro. Uruganda nka Yaofa, hamwe namateka yarwo maremare, birashoboka ko rwubatsemo ubumenyi bwimbitse bwukuntu amatungo yabo yihariye yitwara, abemerera guhuza ibicuruzwa byabo - ikintu kidasubirwaho kugirango gikoreshwe mu nganda zirambye.

Kureba imbere: Kwishyira hamwe no guhanga udushya

Ejo hazaza hifashishijwe amakara yamakara arambye muburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe hamwe na chimie nziza. Inzira imwe ni uguhuza gukomeye kw'itanura rya kokiya, uruganda rutunganya ibicuruzwa, hamwe n’ibimera bya karubone - ndetse no mu turere. Kugabanya ubwikorezi bigabanya ikirenge muri rusange. Ikindi ni iterambere ryibibanza byahinduwe. Muguhuza cyangwa kuvura byoroheje amakara yamakara hamwe na bio-ishingiye cyangwa ikomatanya, turashobora guhuza imitungo kubikorwa byihariye mugihe dushobora kugabanya imiterere rusange ya PAH. Ibishushanyo mbonera byashoboraga gufungura imiryango mubikoresho bishya.

Nanjye ndareba umwanya hirya no hino nkoresheje karubone ikomoka mu bubiko mu kubika ingufu. Carbone ikora kuva mukibanza cya supercapacitor cyangwa nkibikoresho bya anode muri bateri ni ahantu hakorerwa R&D. Ubuziranenge bwa karubone kandi bushobora guhinduka burashimishije. Ibi byaba aribyo byerekezo byanyuma: ibicuruzwa biva mu nganda zikomeye bihinduka igice cyikoranabuhanga rifite ingufu. Numuhanda muremure uva muri laboratoire ugana gigafactory, ariko ihame rirakomeye.

Kurangiza, imikoreshereze irambye ya amakara ntabwo ari ugushakisha amarozi mashya. Barimo guhuza neza inshingano zashizweho mu nganda za karubone n’inganda, bigatuma izo nzira zikora neza kandi ziramba, no gucunga neza ibidukikije. Nibikoresho bisaba kubaha n'ubuhanga. Agaciro kayo kagaragaye mugihe kirekire cyibicuruzwa bifasha kurema-electrode ishonga ibyuma bisakaye hejuru yikirere gishya, inganda zirimo ibyuma bishongeshejwe, igifuniko kirinda umuyoboro. Ni muri urwo rwego, uburyo bukomeza, bukoreshwa mu nshingano ni uburyo bufatika bwo guhuza inganda, guhindura umurage ukomoka ku bicuruzwa mu buryo bukomeye bwo gukora inganda zigezweho.