Luluphi usetyenziso oluzinzileyo lwetar yamalahle? 

Xa usiva itela yamalahle, iingqondo ezininzi zitsibela ngqo kwilifa layo kwiipavumente zesikolo esidala okanye njengengxaki yemveliso. Lowo ngumbono womgangatho ophezulu. Incoko yokwenyani, le sinayo kwimigangatho yezityalo nakwiilebhu ze-R&D, imalunga nokucudisa yonke intwana yexabiso kulo mxube we-hydrocarbon onzima ngeendlela ezihambelana nemijikelo yezinto zanamhlanje. Akunjalo malunga nokuvuselela ixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa malunga nokubuyisela iimpawu zayo zendalo-i-carbon content, ikhono lokubopha, ukuzinza kwe-thermal-kwiindlela zoshishino ezinengqiqo namhlanje. I-angle yozinzo ayikho i-greenwash; yinkqubo yepragmatic, ehlala ibuhlungu, yokufumana izicelo zexabiso eliphezulu ezisusa izinto ezinyulu okanye zivumele ukusebenza okubalulekileyo. Masimbe apho oko kwenzeka khona ngokwenene, imiqobo, kunye neenyani eziphathekayo ezingenzi ukuba zibe ziincwadana ezikhanyayo.

Ukulungisa ngokutsha iMveliso yokuNgeniswa: Ukusukela kwiNkunkuma ukuya kwiFiedstock

Inyathelo lokuqala kukutshintsha kwengqondo. Kwizityalo ezidibeneyo zentsimbi kunye ne-coke, i-tar yamalahle ayinayo inkunkuma; yeyona nto iphambili yokutya kwishishini lekhabhoni. Ibali lokuzinza liqala apho-ukuthintela ukulahlwa kwayo okanye ukutshisa okulula kwaye endaweni yoko kubambe ubunzima bayo bemolekyuli. Ndiyibonile imisebenzi apho kugxilwe ekususeni izinto, kodwa oko kwatshintshile. Ngoku, i-drive kukuyiphatha njengendawo yokuqala ye-cascade yezixhobo. Imveliso yekhabhoni evela kwitha yetela, eyona nto iphuma kuyo, iphezulu kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuyo yonke itoni yesandi esetyenziswa njengesibophelelo okanye iarhente yokufakelwa, uthatha ngokufanelekileyo ikhabhoni kwiimveliso zamashishini ezihlala iminyaka, nkqu namashumi eminyaka. Luhlobo lokubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokusetyenziswa, nangona imveliso.

Oku akuyothiyori. Iinkampani ezidityaniswe ngokuthe nkqo, njengeHebei Yaofa Carbon Co., Ltd., zisebenza ngalo mgaqo. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 emhlabeni, babona ukuhamba ukusuka kwitela yamalahle ekrwada ukuya kwiimveliso zekhabhoni ezigqityiweyo kungekhona njengeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kodwa njengekhonkco elidityanisiweyo. Kwiqonga labo e YOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOORK, ungalanda le ngqiqo: badwelisa itetha yamalahle njengesidibanisi sekhabhoni. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekuveliseni igrafu electroniki kwi-electric arc furnace (EAF) ukwenza intsimbi ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. I-pitch ibopha i-petroleum coke particles, kwaye ngokubhaka kunye ne-graphitization, iba yinto edibeneyo, i-high-performance part of the electrode. Loo electrode ke yenza kube lula ukuveliswa kwentsimbi—inkqubo enkulu yoqoqosho lwesetyhula. Ke, into ephuma kwitha yamalahle yenza ukuba uzinzo lolunye ushishino.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, umtyholi ukwiinkcukacha. Ayiyiyo yonke itela elinganayo. Ukubunjwa kuyahluka ngokugqithisileyo ngokusekelwe kumthombo wamalahle kunye nobushushu bokupheka. Ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kufuneka kuphendulele oku kungahambelani. Sichitha ixesha elininzi kulawulo lomgangatho kunye nokudibanisa ukubetha iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo ze-viscosity, indawo yokuthambisa, kunye nomxholo we-quinoline-insoluble. Ibhetshi engaphumeleliyo apha ayithethi nje imveliso engaphantsi; kunokuthetha umahluko phakathi kwe-electrode esebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye neyokuqhekeka kwangaphambi kwexesha, ichitha onke amandla afakwe ngaphakathi. Ke, ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kuxhomekeke kubuchwephesha, ukusetyenzwa okuthembekileyo kuqala.

Ihashe lokuSebenza: Ibala leThatha yamalahle kwiMveliso yeCarbon

Ukuntywila kwisicelo esibaluleke kakhulu: njengesibophelelo kunye nokukhulelwa. Ukuba uke watyelela isityalo sekhabhoni, iphunga alilibaleki-loo phunga elimnandi, i-phenolic ye-pitch eshushu. Yiglu yoshishino. Kwimveliso igrafu electroniki (Ezo UHP/HP/RP amabanga aveliswa nguYaofa), icoke yepetroleum ecoliweyo ixutywa netha yetha etyhidiweyo. Lo mxube uluhlaza uyabunjwa kwaye ubhakwe kwi-800°C. Ngethuba lokubhaka, i-pitch idlula i-pyrolysis, iguqulela kwi-coke ye-carbonaceous eyenza isakhiwo esiqinileyo, esihambelanayo. Le coke ye-binder yinto enika i-electrode amandla ayo omatshini phambi kwe-graphitization.

Umba ozinzileyo unomaleko amaninzi. Okokuqala, isebenzisa imveliso ephuma kwimveliso. Okwesibini, idala imveliso ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-EAF steelmaking, esebenzisa phantse i-100% yentsimbi yentsimbi, ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwiziko lokuqhushumba. Okwesithathu, uyilo lwanamhlanje lwe-electrode lujolise kubomi obude kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, okunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwetoni nganye yentsimbi. Sihlala silungisa ukwakheka kwepitch kunye neenkqubo zokumilisela ukuphucula ingxinano kunye nokunciphisa i-porosity, ethi inyuse ukuxhathisa kwe-electrode oxidation. Ukunyuka kwe-1% kubomi be-electrode kuguqulela ukongiwa kweetoni ezinkulu zemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye namandla ezantsi komsinga. Olo luhlobo lwe-granular, i-metric ezinzileyo yozinzo esilulandelelayo.

Kukho nendima yayo ekuveliseni izongezo zekhabhoni ezifana I-Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC) kwaye I-Peroleum yePetroleum Coke (GPC). I-pitch ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa njenge-coating okanye isibophelelo kwezi nkqubo zokuphucula iimpawu ezithile. Ukunyibilikiswa kwe-aluminiyam, ezi carbon anodes (ekwasebenzisa i-pitch njengesibophelelo) yenye imarike enkulu. Ukutyhala apha kunciphisa izinga lokusetyenziswa kwekhabhoni-zingaphi iikhilogram ze-anode ezisetyenzisiweyo ngetoni ye-aluminium eveliswayo. Umgangatho ongcono we-pitch kunye netekhnoloji ye-anode, eqhutywa ngababoneleli abanamava anzulu, ithoba ngokuthe ngqo elo zinga kunye nezinto ezikhutshwayo ezinxulumeneyo.

Ngaphaya kwe-Electrodes: I-Niche kodwa i-Critical Applications

Ngelixa i-electrodes iyinkokeli yevolumu, ezinye zezona zinto zinomdla ezizinzileyo zokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo. Izinto eziphuma kwi-tar yamalahle esulungekisiweyo, njenge-naphthalene, i-anthracene, kunye namabanga ahlukeneyo epitch, zingena kwizinto eziphambili. Enye indawo endiye ndabandakanyeka kuyo yi-carbon fibers. Okuthe ngqo, okucokisekileyo kakhulu kwetha yetha yelahle zizandulela zeprimiyamu zokuvelisa i-isotropic okanye i-mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers. Ezi ntsinga zisetyenziswa kulawulo oluphezulu lwe-thermal, i-aerospace, kwaye ngokwandayo kwiicomposites ezikhaphukhaphu kwi-automotive (ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha) kunye ne-wind turbine blades. I-carbon footprint yokuvelisa ifayibha ukusuka kwi-pitch-product pitch ingaba yinto efanelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-mainstream polyacrylonitrile (PAN) indlela, kuxhomekeke kwimida yenkqubo. Lixabiso eliphezulu, indawo yokuphuma eqhutywa ngumsebenzi ephakamisa ubume bendalo betar obunevumba elimnandi.

Enye ikwimathiriyeli ephikisayo. Pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon refractories line iileyile steelmaking kunye converters. Babonelela ngokugqwesileyo kokuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal kunye ne-slag corrosion resistance. Ikhonkco lozinzo? Ubomi belinen ixesha elide buthetha ukuncitshiswa kancinci, okugcina imathiriyeli ekrwada, amandla okufakelwa, kunye nexesha lokuphumla. I-pitch apha isebenza njengomnikeli wekhabhoni, yenza umaleko okhuselayo ngokuchasene ne-oxidation. Siye saqhuba iimvavanyo ezinamabakala ahlukeneyo okwandisa le ndlela yokwakheka kwekhabhoni ekwi-situ, kwaye iziphumo zibe nefuthe ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni kobutyebi beplanti yentsimbi.

Ke kukho ukusetyenziswa okungathandekiyo kodwa okubalulekileyo kwiingubo ezikhuselayo. Itha epoksi yamalahle, ngaphandle kokuphononongwa kokusingqongileyo kwii-PAHs, ihlala ingangqinelani nezicelo ezithile ezigqithisileyo zokukhusela umhlwa, njengemibhobho engaphantsi kolwandle okanye ukuntywiliselwa kwamanzi amdaka. Ingxoxo yozinzo apha kukwandiswa komjikelo wobomi. Ukukhusela i-asethi yensimbi iminyaka engama-50 endaweni ye-20 ngaphandle kokulungiswa kugwema izinto eziphindaphindiweyo kunye neendleko zamandla zokutshintshwa. Umzi-mveliso, ewe, usebenza kwezinye izinto, kodwa kwezinye izinto, ukusebenza kwetha yetha elungisiweyo kuseluphawu. Yimeko apho ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kubandakanya ukugcinwa okungqongqo kunye nokulawulwa kwesicelo ukunciphisa imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo ngelixa ufezekisa inzuzo eseleyo kwiziseko ezingundoqo.

Imiceli mngeni kunye nemiqobo yokwenyani yehlabathi

Akukho ngxoxo inyanisekileyo ngaphandle kwemiqobo. Umqobo ophambili kulawulo lokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi malunga nePolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ezinye ii-PAHs zinomhlaza. Oku kufihla yonke incoko malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetela yamalahle. Ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo, ke ngoko, kuqhagamshelwe ngokungenakuhluzwa kwiisistim ezivaliweyo, iteknoloji yokubamba iteknoloji, kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi. Kwisityalo sanamhlanje se-distillation, awuyi kubona ukukhutshwa okubonakalayo kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo. I-volatiles iyabanjwa, kwaye ihlala isetyenziswa njengamafutha ngaphakathi kwenkqubo, ukuvala i-loop yamandla. Intsalela ye-pitch enzima iba yimveliso. Yinkqubo elawulwayo, equlethwe yimizi-mveliso.

Omnye umceli mngeni kukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho. Iziseko zophuhliso lokuqokelela, ukuthutha, nokucokisa itela yamalahle zisebenzisa imali eninzi. Ukuba iimarike zokuphela (njengentsimbi) ukuhla, inkqubo yonke icinezelekile. Ndibone iiprojekthi zokusebenzisa i-pitch kwi-carbon black substitutes okanye njenge-reductant kwezinye iinkqubo ze-metallurgical stall kuba imeko yezoshishino yanyuka xa amaxabiso eoli ehla. Uzinzo lokwenyani kufuneka lomelele kwezoqoqosho, hayi nje ukuba nokwenzeka ngokobugcisa.

Kukwakho nomda wobugcisa: asinako ukuyicokisa okanye ukuyicoca ngokungenasiphelo. Ukufuna ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso eliphezulu kuhlala kungqubana kubuntsonkotha bendalo kunye nokuguquguquka kwezinto. Kwibali ngalinye lempumelelo kwifayibha yekhabhoni, kukho ishumi elinesibini lemifuniselo engaphumeleliyo ezama ukwenza i-pitch ye-precursor engaguqukiyo ukusuka kwi-feedstock eguquguqukayo. Kulapho amava abaluleke khona. Umvelisi onje ngeYaofa, enembali ende, kusenokwenzeka ukuba wakhe ulwazi olunzulu lobungqina bendlela esiziphatha ngayo i-feedstock ethile, ebavumela ukuba bazinzise umgangatho wabo wemveliso-imfuneko engaxoxisiyo kuyo nayiphi na imveliso ezinzileyo.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ukudityaniswa kunye nokuTsha

Ikamva lokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwetar yamalahle ilele ekudityanisweni okunzulu kunye nekhemistri ekrelekrele. Omnye umkhwa kukudityaniswa okungqongqo kweeonti zecoke, iindawo zokuvelisa itar, nezityalo zekhabhoni—kwanakummandla welizwe. Ukunciphisa ezothutho kunciphisa unyawo ngokubanzi. Enye kuphuhliso lweepitshi ezilungisiweyo. Ngokudibanisa okanye ukuphatha kancinci i-tar ye-tar nge-bio-based or synthetic resins, sinokwenza iipropathi ezilungelelanisiweyo zezicelo ezithile ngelixa sinokunciphisa iprofayile ye-PAH iyonke. Aba badibanisi abayili banokuvula iingcango kwizinto ezintsha eziyintlanganisela.

Ndikwajonge indawo ejikeleze ukusebenzisa i-pitch-derived carbons ekugcineni amandla. Iikhabhoni ezisebenzayo ezivela kwi-pitch ye-supercapacitors okanye njengezinto ze-anode kwiibhetri ziindawo ezisebenzayo ze-R&D. Ukucoceka kwekhabhoni ephezulu kunye ne-porosity edibeneyo inomtsalane. Oku kuya kuba lolona lwalathiso lugqibeleleyo: imveliso evela kushishino olunzima ibe licandelo letekhnoloji yamandla acocekileyo. Yindlela ende ukusuka kwilebhu ukuya kwi-gigafactory, kodwa umgaqo uqinile.

Ekugqibeleni, ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kwe I-coal tar ayizokufumana usetyenziso olutsha lomlingo. Bamalunga nokuphucula ngokuthe ngcembe iindima zabo ezisekiweyo kwikhabhoni kunye namashishini aphikisayo, ukwenza ezo nkqubo zisebenze ngakumbi kwaye zihlale ixesha elide, kunye nokulawula ngokungqongqo imiba yokusingqongileyo. Yimpahla efuna intlonipho kunye nobuchule. Ixabiso layo libonakaliswe ebukhoneni beemveliso ezinceda ukudala-i-electrode enyibilikisa isinyithi esilahliweyo kwi-skyscraper entsha, i-refractory equkethe isinyithi esityhidiweyo, isambatho esikhusela umbhobho. Ngaloo mxholo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuqhubekayo, uxanduva luhlobo lwepragmatic ye-symbiosis yezoshishino, ukuguqula imveliso yelifa ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kwimijikelezo yokuvelisa yanamhlanje.