Ithayela lamalahle elilungisiwe: izitayela ze-tech ne-eco? 

Uzwa itiyela lamalahle elilungisiwe futhi iningi labantu abangaphandle komkhakha lisafanekisela umsebenzi othile wasesikoleni esidala, onyantisayo. Lowo umbono wokuqala oyiphutha. Akukhona nje ngokuqoqa lokho okuphuma kuhhavini we-coke. Ingxenye elungisiwe yilapho umdlalo wangempela okhona manje—umayelana nokuhlanganisa into embi kakhulu kusukela lapho usuka khona, ukulungisa ijika le-distillation kanye nokwakheka ukuze kulingane nezidingo ezithile ezithize ezansi nomfula, hhayi nje ukuthengisa impahla eningi ejwayelekile. Ingcindezi ayiyona nje eyobuchwepheshe noma; yilokhu kudonselana okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuthola imininingwane yokusebenza efanele yezinto ezifana nama-electrode anamandla aphezulu kanye nokungagxili ezindlekweni zokuthobela imvelo. Kuyisenzo sokulinganisa esimise kabusha lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.

Ingxenye Elungiselelwe Akuyona Ilebula Nje

Lapho sikhuluma ngakho ilungiselelwe i-coal tal namuhla, sikhuluma ngempela mayelana nokucaciswa kwe-feedstock. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, inkontileka ingase ivele icacise i-viscosity kanye nokuminyana. Manje, imayelana nokuqukethwe kwe-QI (Quinoline Insoluble), amanani we-beta-resin, kanye newindi lephoyinti lokuthambisa. Umehluko phakathi kwetiyela elifanele ukukhiqizwa kwe-coke yenaliti ngokumelene neyodwa ye-carbon black mkhulu, futhi uqala ngendlela ophatha ngayo itiyela elingahluziwe elivela kugesi we-coke oven. Uma ungalawuli kahle izinga lokushisa lokuqala lokufingqa nokuqoqwa, ukhiyela i-QI eyinhloko okuyiphupho elibi ukuliphatha kamuva ukuze lisetshenziswe okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngike ngabona izitshalo lapho zivele zishisa khona zonke izinto ukuze zigcine imigqa icacile, kodwa lokho kubhakwe ezinkingeni kuwo wonke amakhasimende phansi adinga izinto eziphansi ze-QI ze-premium graphite.

Kukhona i-nuance yobuchwepheshe lapha ephuthelwa. Ukushintshela ekwenziweni kwensimbi yesithando somlilo kagesi kuqhubekisele phambili isidingo sama-electrode e-graphite e-UHP (Ultra High Power), nawo adinga icoke yenaliti yekhwalithi ephezulu. Isandulela esiyisihluthulelo saleyo coke? Uhlobo oluthile lwe ilungiselelwe i-coal tal ngesakhiwo esithile esinephunga elimnandi nephrofayili yokungcola. Akwanele ukuba netiyela; udinga itiyela elilungile. Lokhu kuphoqe abakhiqizi ukuthi bahlanganise emuva, noma okungenani basebenze eduze kakhulu nezitshalo zokubhaka. Akusebona ubudlelwano obulula bokuthenga. Abanye babadlali abadidiyelwe kakhulu, njenga Hebei Yaofa Carbon Co, Ltd., basebenzise ulwazi lwabo lokukhiqiza lwesikhathi eside ukuze balawule lolu chungechunge. Ngokuba nolwazi olujulile lwezinto zekhabhoni kuwo wonke ama-electrode nezithasiselo, zingacacisa izici zetiyela ezidingekayo emthonjeni, okuyinzuzo enkulu. Ungabona le ndlela iboniswa kwiphothifoliyo yabo ku https://www.yaofatanununcu.com - akukhona nje ngokuthengisa itiyela noma ama-electrode, kodwa ukuqonda ukugeleza kwezinto ezibonakalayo ukusuka komunye kuya komunye.

Sazama iphrojekthi kanye, sathola itiyela elivamile kuma-coker amancane amaningi ukuze lixutshwe okucatshangwa ukuthi lilungisiwe. Bekuwumbono wokonga. Yehlulekile kabuhlungu. Ukungahambisani kwezinto ezingahluziwe—i-ammonia ehlukahlukene, amanzi, izinhlayiya—kwenze ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo ozinzile, olungele ukucaciswa okuthile kungenzeki. Isikhungo sokuxuba saphenduka iphupho elibi lamakhemikhali, futhi umphumela we-coke kuwo wawungalindelekile. Lokho kwehluleka kokusebenza ngezandla kwagcizelela iphuzu: ukungaguquguquki kuqala ngesikhathi sokuqala sokuqoqwa. Awukwazi ukulungisa itiyela elibi ngokulungiselela ukuya phansi komfula; ungakwazi kuphela ukunciphisa ezinye izinkinga ngezindleko eziphezulu.

I-Tech Leaps Ayikho Lapho Ongayilindela

Izihloko eziningi ze-R&D ziya ezinhlelweni zekhabhoni ekhazimulayo, kodwa okwangempela, kuthuthukela phansi ibha yamalahle tech bebelokhu ngokuhlukana kanye nokuhlanzwa. I-distillation ye-fractional ethuthukisiwe enokulawula okunembile kwe-reflux manje izigxobo zetafula. Izinto ezithokozisayo zisemasu okukhipha i-solvent ukuze kukhishwe izingxenye ezithile zenani eliphezulu njenge-carbazole noma uwoyela we-anthracene ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwephimbo eliyinhloko, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokususa umlotha. Ama-Centrifuges abengcono, kodwa ezintweni ezinomlotha ophansi ngempela ezidingekayo kuma-precursors e-anode yebhethri ye-lithium-ion, izinyathelo zokwelapha zamakhemikhali noma ezishisayo ziyafakwa. Yengeza i-capex, ngokuqinisekile.

Bese kuba nohlangothi lwedatha. Ukulawulwa kwenqubo kusuke kuma-PLC ayisisekelo kuya kumasistimu asebenzisa i-viscosity yesikhathi sangempela kanye nezilinganiso ezingaguquki ze-dielectric ukuze kulungiswe amapharamitha ekholomu. Kuzwakala kuncane, kodwa ukushaya indawo yokuthambisa engu-108°C ± 2°C ngokungaguquki, inqwaba ngemva kwenqwaba, yikho okuvumela umkhiqizi we-electrode yegraphite ukuthi asebenzise iziko lakhe lokubhaka kahle. Ukuhluka okungamadigri angu-5 kungaphazamisa umjikelezo wokubhaka kanye nokuminyana kokugcina kwama-electrode. Ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe buvame ukuba lukhuni, inqubo ekhulayo. Akukhona mayelana nokusungulwa, kumayelana nokungaguquguquki okungapheli, okunzima kunalokho okuzwakalayo lapho i-feedstock yakho iguquguquka ngokwemvelo.

Inkinga eyodwa esike sabhekana nayo kwakuwukuphathwa kwe-naphthalene kumafrakshini alula. Kwezinye izimo zemakethe, ukubuyisela nokuthengisa i-naphthalene kunenzuzo. Kwezinye, kuyindleko. Ithrendi yobuchwepheshe lapha ukuguquguquka: ukuklama isitimela sokuqala sokucwiliswa kwe-distillation ukuze siphinde sithole ukusikwa kwe-naphthalene okubukhali noma ukusivumela ukuthi sihlale engxenyeni kawoyela ukuze kucutshungulwe umfula, konke kusekelwe kumnotho wesikhathi sangempela. Idinga idizayini yekholomu eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nokushintsha kwengqondo ukusuka ekusebenziseni inqubo engaguquki ukuya ekuqaliseni eguquguqukayo. Akuzona zonke izitshalo ezindala ezingenza lokhu, okwenza kube nokuhlukana emakethe.

I-Eco-Pressure Ilungisa Kabusha Imephu

Masikhulume ngokungagwegwesi: ukulandisa kwemvelo mayelana netiyela lamalahle kuyinselele. Umkhuba awukona nje ngokungeza izikhuhla eziningi noma izitshalo zamanzi angcolile-yize lokho kuyisikhungo sezindleko ezinkulu. Kumayelana nawo wonke umjikelezo wempilo oza ngaphansi kokucutshungulwa. Ama-VOC (izinto eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo) avela emathangeni okugcina, ama-PAH (ama-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons) emoyeni wasemsebenzini, kanye nesiphetho sokugcina sezinsalela zephimbo zonke zingamaphuzu alawulayo. EYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, lokhu kuholele ekuvaleni izitshalo noma izidingo ezinkulu zokutshala kabusha. Ukuthambekela, ngandlela thile, kuguqule ngokwendawo ukukhiqizwa kokhiye Izinto zekhabhoni ezifundeni ezinezinsiza ezihlanganisiwe, zesimanje ezakhiwa noma zaphinde zafakwa ngalezi zilawuli engqondweni kusukela ekuqaleni.

Lokhu kudala indida. Izilawuli eziqinile zemvelo zenza umkhiqizo ubize kakhulu, kodwa futhi zingase zidale iprimiyamu yezinto eziluhlaza noma ezilandelekayo. ilungiselelwe i-coal tal. Abanye abathengi bama-electrode manje bacela imibhalo mayelana nendawo yemvelo ye-binder pitch abayisebenzisayo. Akusona isidingo esijwayelekile, kodwa sekuseduze. Yilapho umkhiqizi onesilinganiso nengqalasizinda yesimanje angashintsha izindleko zokuthobela umthetho zibe inzuzo yemakethe. Inkampani efana ne-Hebei Yaofa Carbon, njengomkhiqizi omkhulu onamashumi eminyaka emdlalweni, kungenzeka ibhekane nalezi zingcindezi ngqo. Ikhono labo lokutshala izimali ezinhlelweni ezivaliwe, ukuthunjwa kwentuthu okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza akuwona nje umkhuba omuhle; isiba yilayisensi yokusebenza kanye nomehluko ongase ube khona kumakhasimende angaphansi kwengcindezi yabatshalizimali ye-ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance).

Ngikhumbula iphrojekthi yokubuyisela kabusha yeyunithi yokukhishwa kwetiyela lapho umshayeli wezindleko ezinkulu kakhulu kwakungeyona ikholomu entsha noma izishintshi zokushisa—kwakuyisistimu yokutakula umhwamuko kanye nesikhithi esishisayo samagesi angangenisi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemithetho emisha yekhwalithi yomoya. Iphinde kabili i-capex ebonisiwe. Icala lebhizinisi lisebenze kuphela ngoba singakwazi kanyekanye ukwandisa isivuno kanye nekhwalithi ukuze sikhonze imakethe yama-electrode aphezulu. Ngaphandle kwaleyo mpahla ye-premium, isitshalo ngabe sibambekile. Ngakho-ke inkambiso ye-eco iphoqa ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, kodwa kuphela lapho umnotho womkhiqizo wokugcina wenani eliphezulu ungawusekela.

Imakethe Iyaqhekeka, Ayishabalali

Umbono ovamile wangaphandle ukuthi itiyela lamalahle imboni yokushona kwelanga. Lokho akulungile. Iyahlukana. I-generic, i-low-spec material yama-binder alula noma uphethiloli ingaphansi kwengcindezi futhi iyancipha. Kodwa i-high-spec, eyenziwe ngokunembile ilungiselelwe i-coal tal ngoba imikhiqizo yekhabhoni ethuthukisiwe iyakhula. Umshayeli wesidingo i-megatrend yokufakwa kukagesi: I-EAF steelmaking (ama-graphite electrode) namabhethri e-lithium-ion (i-anode inaliti coke). Zombili zidinga i-premium carbon, edinga izandulela ze-premium.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusho ukuthi abahlinzeki kufanele bakhethe umzila. Ingabe ungu-opharetha wenqwaba yezindleko eziphansi, noma umkhiqizi wamakhemikhali okhethekile? Indawo emaphakathi iqala ukuminyana. Umzila okhethekile udinga isevisi yezobuchwepheshe ejulile. Akukhona nje ukuletha umkhumbi wamathangi; imayelana nokusebenza ne-R&D yekhasimende endleleni iphimbo lakho eliziphatha ngayo ekwakhiweni kwalo okusha kwesithando somlilo noma ukwakhiwa kwe-anode yenoveli. Yilapho okuhlangenwe nakho kubaluleke khona. Umphakeli owenza itiyela kuphela angase angaqondi ukuziphatha kwayo emjikelezweni wokubhaka wekhasimende. Umkhiqizi wekhabhoni ohlanganiswe mpo uyakwenza. Lelo inani eliphelele kuphrofayela yenkampani efana neka-Hebei Yaofa—iminyaka yabo engu-20+ bekhiqiza kokubili izithasiselo zekhabhoni nama-electrode egraphite kusho ukuthi babone ukuziphatha kwezinto zabo kubo bobabili umphakeli kanye nesiphetho somsebenzisi. Leyo ndlela yempendulo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komkhiqizo.

Siphinde sibone izivumelwano zesikhathi eside ezengeziwe, ezisebenzisanayo esikhundleni sokuthenga okungahleliwe. Umenzi we-electrode ye-graphite akafuni ukugembula ngekhwalithi ye-binder pitch eshintsha inyanga nenyanga. Badinga uzakwethu ongaqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokusebenza ekuthuthukisweni okuhlangene. Lokhu kukhiya amaketanga futhi kuphakamisa izithiyo zokungena. Umncintiswano omusha akuwona omunye umdidiyeli wetiyela ezansi nomgwaqo; ezinye izinto ezifana ne-petroleum pitch, noma amashifu amakhulu njengokwenza insimbi engena-carbon ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okwamanje, nokho, ukusebenza kanye nesakhiwo sezindleko zekhabhoni esekwe ngamalahle kunzima ukwehlula izinhlelo zayo eziyinhloko.

Ukubheka Phambili: Imibuzo Yangempela

Pho lokhu kusishiya kuphi? Ikusasa le ilungiselelwe i-coal tal kuncike emibuzweni embalwa esebenzayo. Ingabe imboni ingaqhubeka nokwenza ngcono isivuno kanye nekhwalithi kusuka esitokisini sokudla (amalahle) sona ngokwaso esiguquguqukayo? Ingabe izindleko zemvelo zingaphathwa ngaphandle kokufaka amanani emikhiqizo yokugcina emakethe? Futhi ingabe impahla ingabamba umkhawulo wayo wezobuchwepheshe ngokumelene nezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ku-petroleum, ikakhulukazi uma amanani kawoyela eshintshashintsha?

Amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe angase agxile ekuhlaziyeni okubikezelwayo—ukusebenzisa idatha ye-feedstock ukuze imodeli yemiphumela yokukhishwa kwe-distillation ngaphambi kokuba inqwaba isebenze—kanye nasekuhlukaniseni amangqamuzana acolekile ukuze kukhishwe inani eliphezulu kuwo wonke amafrakshini. Amathrendi e-eco azophushela ekubalweni kwebhalansi enkulu futhi mhlawumbe nokuhlanganiswa kokuthwebula i-carbon ezitshalweni zokubhaka, okungashintsha igeyimu kumjikelezo wempilo.

Ekugcineni, imboni echitha isikhumba sayo sempahla. Itemu ilungiselelwe i-coal tal iguqukela kokubalulekile okucutshunguliwe kuya engxenyeni ekhethiwe, ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ngobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ukuhambisana kwayo manje kuxhumene ngqo nekhwalithi kanye nokuqanjwa okusha komkhiqizo wokugcina wekhabhoni, noma ngabe lokho kuyi-electrode enkulu enika amandla isigayo sensimbi noma i-anode encane kubhethri le-EV. Kuncane mayelana nokumba amalahle nokuningi mayelana nama-molecule wobunjiniyela. Abadlali abaluqondayo lolu shintsho, abanolwazi lwezandla ku-chain yonkana, yibona abazochaza amathrendi, hhayi nje ukuwalandela.