Itiyela elicwengekile lamalahle: izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilungele imvelo? 

Ubona ‘itiyela elicwengekileyo lamalahle’ kanye ‘ne-eco-friendly’ emshweni ofanayo, futhi umuzwa wakho wokuqala ungase ube ukuklolodela. Ngiyakuthola. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ifa letiyela lamalahle liboshelwe embonini esindayo, ama-PAH, kanye namakhanda okulungisa imvelo. Kepha lokho kuxoshwa okucabangayo kugeja i-nuance yalokho okushiwo 'okucwengiwe' esimweni sezimboni namuhla, nalapho isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo iqhube imingcele buthule. Akukhona mayelana nokugeza okuluhlaza umkhiqizo omdala; imayelana nokubuza ukuthi ingabe okuphuma kokunye okucutshungulwe kakhulu, uma kusetshenziswe ngokunemba kanye nokulawulwa okugcwele komjikelezo wokuphila, kungangena kuzinhlaka zesimanje zokuzinza. Impendulo ayiyena u-yebo noma cha olula—iwuchungechunge lokuthi ‘kuyancika’ okusekelwe kuhlelo lokusebenza, ukucabangela kokushintshanisa, nokuphathwa kokusakazwa kwemfucuza. Ake sikukhiphe lokho.

I-Threshold Yokucwengwa: Lapho ‘Ukuhlanzeka’ Kuqala Ukuba Nendaba

Akuyona yonke itiyela lamalahle elenziwa ngokulingana. Izinto ezinikeza isigaba sonke igama elibi ngokuvamile izinto ezingcolile noma ezicutshungulwe kancane. Uma sikhuluma itiyela lamalahle elicwengekile elihlanzekile, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni, sibhekisele kumkhiqizo osuselwe kakhulu futhi waphathwa ukuze kususwe amafrakshini ashisayo, abilayo futhi agxilise izinhlanganisela ezithile ezinamakha. Ukhiye umkhawulo wokususa. Umkhiqizo ofana ne-high-pitch binder ovela kumnikezeli mpahla onobungcweti bezinto ezijulile—awuthi, i-Hebei Yaofa Carbon Co., Ltd., osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 icubungula ikhabhoni—iwumhlaba ohlukile kunetiyela ejwayelekile, engacolisisiwe. Ukugxila kwabo ezithasiselweni zekhabhoni ezingaguquki, ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nama-electrode kudinga isitokwe esinezimfanelo ezingabikezelwa. Leli zinga lokucwengisiswa linciphisa ukuhlukahluka nokugxila kwezingxenye zokuphela kokukhanya eziyinkinga kakhulu, okuyisinyathelo sokuqala, esingaxoxiswana sanoma yisiphi isimangalo esingaba khona ‘sobungani bemvelo’.

Lapho irabha ihlangana khona nomgwaqo kuyashintshwa. Enye yezimpikiswano ezibambekayo ‘ezinobungani bemvelo’ yilapho itiyela elicolisisiwe lisebenza njengesibophezelo kuma-anode ekhabhoni wokuncibilikisa i-aluminium noma kuma-electrode angamagraphite. Ingxenye ‘yobungane’ iwukuqhathanisa. Uma esinye isibophezelo sisuselwa kumfudlana omusha we-petroleum, impikiswano iwukuthi ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo wensimbi (itiyela lamalahle) kuwuhlobo lwe-symbiosis yezimboni enezela inani emfudlaneni kadoti. 'Ayihlanzekile' ngomqondo ophelele, kodwa ingaba nezinsiza ezingcono kakhulu ezingeni lesistimu. Inqubo ye-carbonization ekukhiqizeni ama-electrode iphinde ikhiye ingxenye ebalulekile yekhabhoni ku-matrix ezinzile, inciphise ukukhishwa okungaba khona ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo uma kuqhathaniswa nezibophezelo ezizinzile kancane. Isibalo somjikelezo wokuphila, hhayi isihloko.

Ngibone amaphrojekthi ekhubeka ngokuziba lo mkhawulo. Iklayenti lake lafuna ukusebenzisa itiyela elishibhile, elicwengisiswe kancane emkhiqizweni wekhabhoni okhethekile, olungwe yizindleko eziphansi zangaphambili. Ukungaguquguquki kwe-viscosity kanye nenani le-coking kuholele ekwenqatshweni okukhulu kokukhiqiza, ukumosheka kwamandla ekuhlaziyeni kabusha komlilo, futhi ekugcineni, inqwaba engcolile eyaba yisibopho sokulahlwa. Izindleko eziphelele zezemvelo nezomnotho zidlule kude imali eyongiwe ekuqaleni. Lokho okuhlangenwe nakho kwangiqinisa ukuthi ‘okumsulwa’ kanye ‘nokucwengisiswa’ akukona ukuthengisa okusanhlamvu lapha; ziyizimfuneko zokusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza phansi komfula. Awukwazi ukukhuluma ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zemvelo uma izinto zakho eziyisisekelo zingazinzile.

Izicelo Ze-Niche: Lapho Ingxabano Iphethe Amanzi

Ngaphandle kokubophezela kwama-electrode amakhulu, kunezindawo eziyi-niche lapho izakhiwo zetiyela lamalahle elicolisisiwe kunzima ngempela ukukushintsha ngenye 'eluhlaza' etholakalayo njengamanje. Cabanga ngezinhlanganisela zekhabhoni ezikhethekile ze-aerospace noma izinto zokuvala ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Kulezi zimo, imfuneko yokusebenza—ukuzinza okushisayo okwedlulele, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okuqondile, ukungakwazi ukungena emanzini—iqinile kangangokuba i-carbon footprint yokwehluleka (ingxenye engahlangabezani ne-spec futhi kufanele ichithwe, noma uphawu oluvuzayo) ifinyelelise umkhondo wento ehlanganisayo ngokwayo. Lapha, i-engeli 'eco-friendly' imayelana nokuqina nokuphila isikhathi eside kuhlelo lokusebenza olusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukusebenzisa i-subpar binder kungasho ukuthi ingxenye ihlala iminyaka emi-5 esikhundleni se-20, okudinga ukushintshwa njalo kanye nawo wonke amandla ashumekiwe kanye nokumosha okuhilelekile.

Enye indawo okufanele ibhekwe kusezinqubweni ezilawulwayo, ezishisa kakhulu zokukhiqiza impahla ye-carbon uqobo. Inkampani efana ne-Hebei Yaofa Carbon, egxile kakhulu kuma-electrode e-graphite e-UHP, isebhizinisini lokuguqula ama-binder abe yizinhlaka zekhabhoni ezihlanzekile, eziyikristalu. Ezithandweni zabo, ngaphansi kwezimo eziqondile, indaba eguquguqukayo evela ku-pitch ecolisisiwe iyabanjwa futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa njengomthombo wesibili kaphethiloli wenqubo yokushisisa, okwenza uhlelo lokubuyisela amandla oluvaliwe oluvaliwe. Umkhiqizo wokugcina, i-electrode ye-graphite, awusebenzi futhi ubalulekile ekwenzeni insimbi ye-arc yomlilo kagesi, yona ngokwayo eyindlela esimeme kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezithando zomlilo ezivamile. Ungalandela lolu chungechunge esizeni sabo ku https://www.yaofatanununcu.com- kuyisibonelo esihle ekuhlanganisweni kwezimboni. I-eco-benefit ayiqondile kodwa ingokoqobo: ivumela ukugaywa kabusha kwensimbi okusebenza kahle kakhulu.

Siphinde sazama ukusebenzisa amafrakshini acwengisiswe kakhulu njengesandulela se-synthetic graphite kumabhethri eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Ithiyori yayizwakala: ukudla okuminyene, okunephunga elimnandi kungaveza ukwakheka okuhle kwesithombe. Ukwehluleka okungokoqobo kwaba ubumsulwa. Ukulandelela ukungcola kwensimbi, ngisho nakumazinga we-ppm, okubekezeleleka ku-electrode yokwenza insimbi kuyinhlekelele ku-anode yebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Izindleko zokuhlanza ukuwasusa zisule noma iyiphi inzuzo yemvelo noma yezomnotho ngaphezu kwe-petroleum coke. Kwakuyisifundo esisangulukisayo sokuthi ‘ukucwengisiswa kwemboni eyodwa’ akusho ‘ukucwengisiswa kwabo bonke.’ Isicelo sichaza indinganiso.

Amaphuzu Okunamathela Angenakugwemeka: I-Emissions kanye Nokuphela Kokuphila

Ayikho ingxoxo ethembekile ngaphandle kokubhekana nezingxenye ezinzima. Inselele eyinhloko yezemvelo nge itiyela lamalahle elicwengekile elihlanzekile kusasele ukuphatha kanye nokukhishwa kokuqala kokucubungula. Noma icwengisisiwe, iqukethe ama-PAH. Ngesikhathi sokuxuba, ukwakheka, kanye nezigaba zokuqala zokubhaka, ukuthunjwa kwentuthu kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngivakashele izitshalo lapho lokhu kulawulwa khona ngokukhuhla okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nama-oxidizers ashisayo, ukuguqula ukungcola okungenzeka kube yi-CO2 nomhwamuko wamanzi-ukuhweba, kodwa okulawulwayo. Ngiphinde ngabona izikhungo ezindala lapho ukukhishwa kwababalekayo kubonakala khona. Amandla wohlelo lokusebenza ‘olungele imvelo’ ancike ngokuphelele kulobu bunzima bokusebenza. I-binder ngokwayo ayinabo ubungane; uhlelo lonjiniyela ezungeze ukusetshenziswa kwalo kungaba.

Ukuphela kwempilo enye indlovu ekamelweni. I-carbon anode isetshenziswa ebhodweni le-aluminium. I-electrode ye-graphite i-oxidized kancane kancane ku-EAF. Kodwa kuthiwani ngezinhlanganisela zekhabhoni noma imikhiqizo ekhethekile ekupheleni kokuphila kwabo? Ikakhulukazi i-inert carbon, ngakho-ke ukugcwaliswa komhlaba kunobungozi obuncane ngokubuka kwe-leaching, kodwa kuseyimoshi. Ukugaywa kabusha lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo kubuyiselwe ku-carbon stream yenani eliphezulu kuyinselele ngokobuchwepheshe futhi akukongi okwamanje. Lesi yigebe elikhulu endabeni yokusimama. Impikiswano yamanje engcono kakhulu ukuthi lezi zinto zenza kube lula ukuphila isikhathi eside, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, zibambezela leso sikhathi sokuphela kwempilo amashumi eminyaka. Kodwa sidinga izixazululo ezingcono zokulahlwa kokugcina noma, ngokufanelekile, ukusetshenziswa kabusha okuyindilinga.

Yilapho inkhulumomphendvulwano yemboni idinga ukuya khona. Esikhundleni sezimangalo ezingacacile, kufanele kugxilwe kudatha esobala: iphrofayili ethile ye-PAH yomkhiqizo ocolisisiwe uma iqhathaniswa noluhlaza, amanani okuthola kabusha amandla eziko zesimanjemanje zokubhaka, kanye nesamba sebhalansi yekhabhoni yomkhiqizo osuselwe kwitiyela elicwengekile uma uqhathanisa nomkhiqizo osuselwe ku-virgin-alternative-based. Ingcolile, idatha eqondene nohlelo lokusebenza, kodwa ukuphela kwento ehambisa ingxoxo ngale kokumaketha.

Izithiyo Zokulawula Nokubona

Ngisho noma icala lobuchwepheshe lomthelela wesistimu ephansi lingenziwa ekusetshenzisweni okuthile, uhlaka lokulawula nolokubona umphakathi ngokuvamile luyithuluzi elibuthuntu. Ezindaweni eziningi, igama elithi ‘tiyela lamalahle’ liyigama eliyisiqalo, elihlanganisa isibopho sezimboni esicolisisiwe ngothayi lwesitimela olulashwe nge-creosote noma izinsimbi zomgwaqo ezindala. Lokhu kudala umgoqo ekuthathweni, ngisho nakonjiniyela ababona inzuzo yokusebenza. Ukuzulazula kulokhu kudinga imibhalo ecophelelayo, amashidi edatha okuphepha ahlukanisa ngokucacile umkhiqizo, futhi ngokuvamile, ukuqinisekiswa okuvela eceleni kwamaphrofayili okukhishwayo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Kuyizindleko ezengeziwe nobunkimbinkimbi okufanele noma yimuphi umphathi wephrojekthi asikale.

Ngokombono wokuthola usizo, yingakho kubalulekile ukubhekana nabakhiqizi abaziwayo. Inkampani eneminyaka engu-20 emdlalweni, njengale eshiwo ngaphambili, kudingeke ukuthi ivumelanise izinqubo zayo nemibhalo ukuze ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithuthukayo. Ukuvumelana komkhiqizo wabo akukhona nje ngekhwalithi; imayelana nokukhiqiza idatha ethembekile yokuthobela imvelo nokuphepha. Uma ngicacisa into efana nale, ngidinga ukwazi ukuziphatha kwayo kwe-batch-to-batch hhayi nje ngenqubo yami, kodwa ngemvume yami yemvelo. Umphakeli ongathembekile lapha akagcini nje ngokubeka umkhiqizo wami engozini; babeka engcupheni ilayisense yami yokusebenza.

Isithiyo sombono siphinde sivimbele ukuqanjwa kabusha. Kunzima kakhulu ukuvikela uxhaso lwe-R&D ukuze kuthuthukiswe iphrofayili yezemvelo yomkhiqizo ‘wetiyela lamalahle’ kunenye into esekwe kubhayoloji, noma ngabe i-bio-alternative inemithelela yayo efihliwe yokusebenzisa umhlaba noma yokucubungula. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ensimini. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu eya phambili iwukuqhubeka nokwenza ngcono ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimisiwe, zenani eliphezulu, ezibucayi ekusebenzeni lapho okubalulekile kubalulekile, kanye nokwethembeka ngesihluku mayelana nemikhawulo yakho kwenye indawo.

Isiphetho: Ithuluzi, Hhayi I-Panacea

Ngakho-ke, kunjalo itiyela lamalahle elicwengekile elihlanzekile i-eco-friendly? Umbuzo ongalungile. Kuyimpahla yemboni ekhethekile enephrofayili eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuqondile, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilawulwayo-ikakhulukazi njenge-binder yokusebenza okuphezulu emikhiqizweni ye-carbon kanye ne-graphite lapho inika amandla ukusebenza kahle kwensiza, i-valorization ye-waste stream, nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside-kungaba yingxenye yesistimu yezimboni ezinzile. Ubufakazi bayo ‘obuluhlaza’ bunomongo ngokuphelele futhi buhlelekile, akukaze kube yimvelo. Inqubo yokucwengisiswa iyimfuneko, futhi izilawuli zokusebenza phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwayo yizo ezenza noma eziphula noma iyiphi inzuzo yemvelo.

Umuzwa womhlaba wangempela, kusukela ekuhloleni okuhlulekile ngezinto zebhethri kuya ekuboneni ukutholwa kwamandla okuhlanganisiwe ezitshalweni ze-electrode, kubonisa ukuhlukana okucacile. Lapho isetshenziswa njengokungena esikhundleni ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuziphatha kwayo okuqondile, iyehluleka. Lapho ihlanganiswe khona nenqubo eklanywe kahle, evala iluphu elawulwa ngokugcwele yizinto ezikhishwayo—njengasekukhiqizweni kwama-electrode ezinga eliphezulu okwenziwa kwensimbi kagesi—ithola indawo efanelekile, futhi elungiselelwe kahle, emhlabeni wezinto ezibonakalayo. Umgomo akumele kube ukulenza kabusha, kodwa ukulisebenzisa ngokunemba, ukwethembeka mayelana nokuhwebelana kwalo, kanye nokugxila okungapheli ekunciphiseni umthelela walo kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ethuneni. Yilolo kuphela uhlobo ‘lobungane’ olubambekayo ngaphansi kokucutshungulwa kulo mkhakha.