Yiziphi ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-tar coal tar? 

Uma uzwa itiyela lamalahle, izingqondo eziningi zigxumela ngqo efeni lazo emigwaqeni yasesikoleni esidala noma njengomkhiqizo oyinkinga. Lokho umbono wezinga eliphezulu. Ingxoxo yangempela, leyo esinayo ezitezi zezitshalo nasemalebhu e-R&D, imayelana nokukhama yonke ingcosana yevelu kusuka kule ngxube ye-hydrocarbon eyinkimbinkimbi ngezindlela ezihambisana nemijikelezo yesimanje yezinto. Akukhona mayelana nokuvuselela okwedlule, kodwa mayelana nokuqondisa kabusha izakhiwo zayo ezingokwemvelo-ikhabhoni ephezulu, amandla okubopha, ukuzinza kwe-thermal-ezindleleni zezimboni ezinengqondo namuhla. I-engeli yokusimama ayiyona i-greenwash; kuyinqubo ye-pragmatic, evame ukuba yi-gritty, yokuthola izinhlelo zokusebenza zenani eliphezulu ezisusa izinto ezingasetshenziswanga noma ezivumela ukusebenza okubalulekile. Ake simbe lapho lokho kwenzeka khona ngempela, izithiyo, namaqiniso angokoqobo angakwenzi kube izincwajana ezicwebezelayo.

Ukulungisa kabusha Umkhiqizo Kabiyelwe: Ukusuka Kudoti kuya Esitokisini Sokuphakelayo

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukushintsha kwengqondo. Ezitshalweni ezihlanganisiwe zensimbi ne-coke, itiyela lamalahle aliyona imfucuza; kuyisitoko sokuqala semboni yekhabhoni. Indaba yokusimama iqala khona lapho—ivimbela ukulahlwa kwayo noma ukusha kalula futhi esikhundleni salokho ibambe inkimbinkimbi yayo yamangqamuzana. Ngike ngabona ukusebenza lapho kugxilwe khona ekususeni izinto, kodwa lokho kushintshile. Manje, idrayivu iwukuphatha njengendawo yokuqala ye-cascade yezinto. Isivuno sekhabhoni esivela kuthayela wamalahle, okuphuma phambili, siphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuwo wonke amathani okuphakama asetshenziswa njengesibophezelo noma i-ejenti yokukhulelwa, uthatha ngempumelelo ikhabhoni ibe yimikhiqizo yezimboni ehlala isikhathi eside ehlala iminyaka, ngisho namashumi eminyaka. Kuyindlela yokubamba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwekhabhoni, yize kuyizimboni.

Lokhu akulona ithiyori. Izinkampani ezihlanganiswe ziqonde phezulu, njenge-Hebei Yaofa Carbon Co., Ltd., zisebenza ngalo mgomo. Njengoba iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 isemhlabeni, babona ukugeleza kusuka etiyeleni lamalahle eluhlaza kuya emikhiqizweni yekhabhoni eqediwe hhayi njengezinqubo ezihlukene kodwa njengeketango elixhunyiwe. Emsamo wabo ku yafatanunun.com, ungakwazi ukulandelela le logic: babala i-coal tar pitch njengesengezo se-carbon core. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekukhiqizeni ama-electrodes we-graphite for electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking iyisibonelo esiyinhloko. I-pitch ibopha izinhlayiya ze-petroleum coke, futhi ngokubhaka kanye ne-graphitization, iba ingxenye ebalulekile, esebenza kakhulu ye-electrode. Leyo electrode ibe isivumela ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi egaywe kabusha—inqubo enkulu yomnotho eyindilinga. Ngakho-ke, okuphuma kwetiyela lamalahle kunika amandla ukusimama kwenye imboni.

Yiqiniso, udeveli emininingwaneni. Itiyela alilingani lonke. Ukwakheka kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kumthombo wamalahle nezinga lokushisa lokupheka. Ukusetshenziswa okuzinzile kufanele kubangele lokhu kungahambisani. Sichitha isikhathi esiningi ekulawuleni ikhwalithi nokuhlanganisa ukuze sifinyelele ukucaciswa okunembayo kwe-viscosity, indawo yokuthambisa, nokuqukethwe okungancibiliki kwe-quinoline. Iqoqo elihlulekile lapha alisho nje umkhiqizo ongaphansi; kungasho umehluko phakathi kwe-electrode esebenza kahle naleyo eqhekeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, imoshe wonke amandla ashumekiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa okuzinzile kuncike ekucutshungulweni okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuthembekile kuqala.

I-Workhorse: I-Coal Tar Pitch in Carbon Manufacturing

Ukugxumela kuhlelo lokusebenza olubaluleke kakhulu: njenge-binder kanye nokukhulelwa. Uma uke wavakashela isitshalo se-carbon, iphunga alilibaleki-lelo phunga elimnandi, le-phenolic le-hot pitch. Yingcina yemboni. Ekukhiqizeni ama-electrodes we-graphite (lawo mabanga e-UHP/HP/RP akhiqizwa yi-Yaofa), i-coke kaphethiloli ekhaliwe ixutshwa netiyela yamalahle encibilikisiwe. Le ngxube eluhlaza iyabunjwa futhi ibhakwa cishe ku-800 ° C. Ngesikhathi sokubhaka, i-pitch idlula i-pyrolysis, iguqulela ku-coke ye-carbonaceous eyenza isakhiwo esiqinile, esihlangene. Le coke ye-binder iyona enikeza i-electrode amandla ayo okusebenza ngaphambi kwe-graphitization.

Isici esimeme sinezendlalelo eziningi. Okokuqala, kusetshenziswa umkhiqizo ovela eceleni. Okwesibili, idala umkhiqizo obalulekile ekwenziweni kwensimbi kwe-EAF, esebenzisa cishe i-100% yensimbi eyizinsimbi, enciphisa ukuthembela ezithandweni eziqhumayo. Okwesithathu, imiklamo yesimanje yama-electrode ihlose ukuphila isikhathi eside nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, okunciphisa ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kwethani ngalinye lensimbi. Sihlala silungisa ukwakheka kwephimbo nezinqubo zokumilisela ukuze sithuthukise ukuminyana futhi sinciphise i-porosity, okubuye kuqinise ukumelana ne-electrode oxidation. Ukwenyuka okungu-1% kwempilo yama-electrode kuhumushela ukonga okukhulu kwamathoni wezinto ezingavuthiwe namandla ezansi nomfula. Lolo uhlobo lwemethrikhi eqinile, engenakunyakaziswa esiyilandelelayo.

Kukhona futhi indima yayo ekukhiqizeni izithasiselo zekhabhoni ezifana I-Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC) na- I-Petroleum Coke ephukile (GPC). I-pitch ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa njenge-coating noma i-binder kulezi zinqubo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo ezithile. Ukuze kuncibilikiswe i-aluminium, lawa ma-carbon anode (aphinde asebenzise iphimbo njenge-binder) angenye imakethe enkulu. Ukucindezela lapha kunciphisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwekhabhoni—bangakhi amakhilogremu e-anode asetshenziswa ngethani ngalinye le-aluminium. Ikhwalithi engcono yephimbo kanye nobuchwepheshe be-anode, obuqhutshwa abahlinzeki abanolwazi olujulile, behlisa ngokuqondile lelo zinga kanye nokukhishwa okuhlobene.

Ngaphandle kwama-Electrodes: I-Niche kodwa Izicelo Ezibucayi

Ngenkathi ama-electrode engumholi wevolumu, okunye ukusetshenziswa okusimeme okuthakazelisa kakhulu kusezindaweni ezikhethekile. Okuphuma kokuphuma kwetiyela yamalahle acolisisiwe, njenge-naphthalene, i-anthracene, namabanga ahlukahlukene okuphakama, kuya ezintweni ezithuthukisiwe. Enye indawo engizibandakanye nayo yi-carbon fibers. Okucacile, okucwengisiswe kakhulu kwetiyela yamalahle kuyizandulela ze-premium zokukhiqiza ama-isotropic noma ama-mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers. Le micu isetshenziswa ekulawuleni okushisayo okuphezulu, i-aerospace, futhi ngokuya ngokuya ngezinhlanganisela ezingasindi zezimoto (ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli) kanye nama-wind turbine blades. I-carbon footprint yokukhiqiza ifayibha kusukela ku-by-product pitch ingaba yinhle uma iqhathaniswa nomzila ojwayelekile we-polyacrylonitrile (PAN), kuye ngemingcele yesistimu. Iwumthombo onenani eliphezulu, oqhutshwa ukusebenza osebenzisa ukwakheka kwetiyela kwemvelo okunephunga elimnandi.

Enye isezintweni eziphikisayo. I-pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon refractories ilayini yokwenza insimbi neziguquli. Banikeza ukumelana nokushaqeka okuhle kakhulu kwe-thermal kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwe-slag. Isixhumanisi sokusimama? Ukuphila komugqa omude kusho ukwehliswa kancane kancane, okusindisa izinto zokusetshenziswa, amandla okufakwa, nesikhathi sokuphumula. Iphimbo lapha lisebenza njengomnikeli wekhabhoni, lidala isendlalelo esivikelayo ngokumelene ne-oxidation. Senze izivivinyo ezinamamaki ahlukene e-pitch ukuze sithuthukise lokhu kwakheka kwekhabhoni ye-in-situ, futhi imiphumela ithinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle kwensiza yesitshalo sensimbi.

Bese kuba nokusetshenziswa okungakhanga kangako kodwa okubalulekile ezingubo zokuzivikela. I-coal tar epoxy, naphezu kokuhlolwa kwemvelo kuma-PAH, ihlala ingenakuqhathaniswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuvikela ukugqwala okukhulu, njengamapayipi angaphansi kolwandle noma ukucwiliswa kwamanzi angcolile. Impikiswano yokusimama lapha isandiso somjikelezo wokuphila. Ukuvikela impahla yensimbi iminyaka engu-50 esikhundleni se-20 ngaphandle kokulungiswa kugwema izindleko eziphindaphindiwe zempahla namandla okushintsha. Imboni, vele, isebenza kwezinye izindlela, kodwa kweminye imininingwane, ukusebenza kwetiyela yamalahle eshintshiwe kusewuphawu lokulinganiswa. Kuyisimo lapho ukusetshenziswa okusimeme kuhilela ukubamba okuqinile kanye nokulawulwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi zemvelo kuyilapho kuzuzwa inzuzo yonke ekuqineni kwengqalasizinda.

Izinselele kanye Nezingqinamba Zomhlaba Wangempela

Ayikho ingxoxo eneqiniso ngaphandle kwezithiyo. Umgoqo oyinhloko ukulawulwa kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezungeze i-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Amanye ama-PAH anomdlavuza. Lokhu kusibekela zonke izingxoxo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwetiyela lamalahle. Ukusetshenziswa okuzinzile, ngakho-ke, kuxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nezinhlelo ezivaliwe, ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula okuthuthukile, nokuphepha kwezisebenzi. Embonini yesimanje ye-pitch distillation, ngeke ubone ukukhishwa okubonakalayo emashumini eminyaka adlule. Ama-volatiles ayabanjwa, futhi avame ukusetshenziswa njengamafutha ngaphakathi kwenqubo, ukuvala iluphu yamandla. Izinsalela zephimbo ezinzima ziba umkhiqizo. Kuyinqubo yezimboni elawulwayo, equkethwe.

Enye inselelo ukusimama komnotho. Ingqalasizinda yokuqoqa, ukuthutha, nokucwengisiswa kwetiyela lamalahle idinga imali enkulu. Uma izimakethe zokugcina (njengensimbi) zehla, lonke uhlelo luyacindezelwa. Ngibone amaphrojekthi okusebenzisa i-pitch esikhundleni sekhabhoni emnyama noma njengesinciphisi kwezinye izinqubo ze-metallurgical ema ngoba isimo sebhizinisi sahwamuka lapho amanani kawoyela ehla. Ukusimama kwangempela kufanele kuqine kwezomnotho, kungabi nokwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe kuphela.

Kukhona futhi umkhawulo wezobuchwepheshe: asikwazi ukuwucwengisisa noma ukuwuhlanza ngokungapheli. Ukufuna ukusetshenziswa kwenani eliphezulu kuvame ukungqubuzana nobunkimbinkimbi bemvelo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto. Kuyo yonke indaba yempumelelo ku-carbon fiber, kuneshumi nambili lokuhlola okuhlulekile elizama ukwenza iphimbo lesandulela elingashintshi kusukela kusitoko esishintshayo. Yilapho isipiliyoni sibalulekile khona. Umkhiqizi ofana ne-Yaofa, enomlando wayo omude, kungenzeka ukuthi usezakhele ulwazi olujulile olunolwazi lokuthi isitoko sabo esithile esiphakelayo siziphatha kanjani, okubavumela ukuthi banzinzise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wabo—imfuneko engaxoxiswana yanoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni okusimeme.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ukuhlanganiswa Nokuqanjwa Okusha

Ikusasa lokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwetiyela lamalahle lisekuhlanganiseni okujulile kanye namakhemikhali ahlakaniphile. Omunye umkhuba uwukuhlangana okuqinile kwamahhavini ama-coke, izindawo zokugaya i-tar, nezitshalo ze-carbon—ngisho ngokwendawo. Ukunciphisa ezokuthutha kunciphisa umkhondo wezinyawo. Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwama-pitches ashintshiwe. Ngokuhlanganisa noma ukwelapha kancane i-tiyela yamalahle ngama-bio-based noma ama-synthetic resins, singakwazi ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ngenkathi sinciphisa iphrofayela ye-PAH iyonke. Lezi zibophezelo zomklami zingavula iminyango ngezinto ezintsha eziyinhlanganisela.

Ngiphinde ngibuke indawo ezungezile ngisebenzisa amakhabhoni atholakala kwi-pitch endaweni yokugcina amandla. Amakhabhoni acushiwe asuka kumsindo wama-supercapacitor noma njengezinto ze-anode kumabhethri ayizindawo ezisebenzayo ze-R&D. Ukuhlanzeka kwekhabhoni ephezulu kanye ne-porosity eshintshwayo kuyathandeka. Lokhu kuzoba ukuqondisa kabusha okuphelele: umkhiqizo ovela embonini esindayo uba ingxenye yobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile. Kungumgwaqo omude osuka elebhu uya egigafactory, kodwa umgomo uqinile.

Ekugcineni, ukusetshenziswa okusimeme kwe ibha yamalahle azikho mayelana nokuthola uhlelo olusha olulodwa oluwumlingo. Bamayelana nokuthuthukisa kancane kancane izindima zayo ezisunguliwe ezimbonini zekhabhoni nezingashintshi, okwenza lezo zinqubo zisebenze kahle futhi zihlale isikhathi eside, futhi zilawule ngokuqinile izici zemvelo. Kuyinto edinga inhlonipho nobungcweti. Inani layo lifakazelwa ukuqina kwemikhiqizo esiza ukuyidala—i-electrode encibilikisa izinsimbi ezilahliwe ukwakha isakhiwo esinezakhiwo eziphakeme ezintsha, i-refractory equkethe insimbi encibilikisiwe, okokunamathela okuvikela ipayipi. Kulowo mongo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuqhubekayo, okunomthwalo wemfanelo kuwuhlobo olusebenzayo lwe-symbiosis yezimboni, ukuguqula umkhiqizo wefa ube isisetshenziswa esibalulekile somjikelezo wokukhiqiza wesimanje.